Translational Mechanical Converter (2P)

Interface between two-phase fluid and mechanical translational networks

Library

Two-Phase Fluid/Elements

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Description

The Translational Mechanical Converter (2P) block models an interface between two-phase fluid and mechanical translational networks. The interface converts pressure in the fluid network into force in the mechanical translational network and vice versa.

This block enables you to model a linear actuator powered by a two-phase fluid system. It does not, however, account for mass, friction, or hard stops, common in linear actuators. You can model these effects separately using Simscape™ blocks such as Mass, Translational Friction, and Translational Hard Stop.

Port A represents the inlet through which fluid enters and exits the converter. Ports C and R represent the converter casing and moving interface, respectively. Port H represents the wall through which the converter exchanges heat with its surroundings.

Force Direction

The force direction depends on the mechanical orientation of the converter. If the Mechanical Orientation parameter is set to positive, then a positive flow rate through the inlet tends to translate the moving interface in the positive direction relative to the converter casing.

Positive Mechanical Orientation

If the Mechanical Orientation parameter is set to negative, then a positive mass flow rate through the inlet tends to translate the moving interface in the negative direction relative to the converter casing.

Negative Mechanical Orientation

The flow resistance between port A and the converter interior is assumed negligible. Pressure losses between the two is approximately zero. The pressure at port A is therefore equal to that in the converter:

$$p_A=p_I,$$

where:

• p_A is the pressure at port A.

• p_I is the pressure in the converter.

Similarly, the thermal resistance between port H and the converter interior is assumed negligible. The temperature gradient between the two is approximately zero. The temperature at port H is therefore equal to that in the converter:

$$T_H=T_I,$$

where:

• T_H is the temperature at port H.

• T_I is the temperature in the converter.

Fluid Volume

The volume of fluid in the converter is the sum of the dead and displaced fluid volumes. The dead volume is the amount of fluid left in the converter at a zero interface displacement. This volume enables you to model the effects of dynamic compressibility and thermal capacity even when the interface is in its zero position.

The displacement volume is the amount of fluid added to the converter due to translation of the moving interface. This volume increases with the interface displacement. The total volume in the converter as a function of the interface displacement is

$$V=V_{dead}+S_{int}{x}_{int}{ϵ}_{or},$$

where:

• V is the total volume of fluid in the converter.

• V_dead is the dead volume of the converter.

• S_int is the cross-sectional area of the interface, assumed equal to that of the inlet.

• x_int is the displacement of the moving interface.

• ∊_or is an integer encoding the mechanical orientation of the converter:

  $${ϵ}_{or}=\{\begin{array}{cc}+1,& \text{if the mechanical orientation is positive}\\ -1,& \text{if the mechanical orientation is negative}\end{array}$$

Force Balance

At equilibrium, the internal pressure in the converter counteracts the external pressure of its surroundings and the force exerted by the mechanical network on the moving interface. This force is the reverse of that applied by the fluid network. The force balance in the converter is therefore

$$p_I{S}_{int}=p_{atm}{S}_{int}-F_{int}{ϵ}_{or},$$

where:

• p_atm is the environmental pressure outside the converter.

• F_int is the magnitude of the force exerted by the fluid network on the moving interface.

Energy Balance

The total energy in the converter can change due to energy flow through the inlet, heat flow through the converter wall, and work done by the fluid network on the mechanical network. The energy flow rate, given by the energy conservation equation, is therefore

$$\dot{E}={\varphi }_A+{\varphi }_H-p_I{S}_{int}{\dot{x}}_{int}{ϵ}_{or},$$

where:

• E is the total energy of the fluid in the converter.

• ϕ_A is the energy flow rate into the converter through port A.

• ϕ_H is the heat flow rate into the converter through port H.

Taking the fluid kinetic energy in the converter to be negligible, the total energy of the fluid reduces to:

$$E=M{u}_I,$$

where:

• M is the fluid mass in the converter.

• u_I is the specific internal energy of the fluid in the converter.

Mass Balance

The fluid mass in the converter can change due to flow through the inlet, represented by port A. The mass flow rate, given by the mass conservation equation, is therefore

$$\dot{M}={\dot{m}}_A,$$

where:

• $${\dot{m}}_A$$ is the mass flow rate into the converter through port A.

A change in fluid mass can accompany a change in fluid volume, due to translation of the moving interface. It can also accompany a change in mass density, due to an evolving pressure or specific internal energy in the converter. The mass rate of change in the converter is then

$$\dot{M}=\left[{\left(\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial p}\right)}_u{\dot{p}}_I+{\left(\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial u}\right)}_p{\dot{u}}_I\right]V+\frac{S_{int}{\dot{x}}_{int}{ϵ}_{or}}{v_I},$$

where:

• $${\left(\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial p}\right)}_u$$ is the partial derivative of density with respect to pressure at constant specific internal energy.

• $${\left(\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial u}\right)}_p$$ is the partial derivative of density with respect to specific internal energy at constant pressure.

• v_I is the specific volume of the fluid in the converter.

The block blends the density partial derivatives of the various domains using a cubic polynomial function. At a vapor quality of 0–0.1, this function blends the derivatives of the subcooled liquid and two-phase mixture domains. At a vapor quality of 0.9–1, it blends those of the two-phase mixture and superheated vapor domains.

The smoothed density partial derivatives introduce into the original mass conservation equation undesirable numerical errors. To correct for these errors, the block adds the correction term

$${ϵ}_M=\frac{M-V/v_I}{\tau },$$

where:

• ∊_M is the correction term.

• τ is the phase-change time constant—the characteristic duration of a phase change event. This constant ensures that phase changes do not occur instantaneously, effectively introducing a time lag whenever they occur.

The final form of the mass conservation equation is

$$\left[{\left(\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial p}\right)}_u{\dot{p}}_I+{\left(\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial u}\right)}_p{\dot{u}}_I\right]V+\frac{D_{vol}{\dot{\theta }}_{int}{ϵ}_{or}}{v_I}={\dot{m}}_A+{ϵ}_M.$$

The block uses this equation to calculate the internal pressure in the converter given the mass flow rate through the inlet.

Assumptions and Limitations

• The converter walls are rigid. They do not deform under pressure.

• The flow resistance between port A and the converter interior is negligible. The pressure is the same at port A and in the converter interior.

• The thermal resistance between port H and the converter interior is negligible. The temperature is the same at port H and in the converter interior.

• The moving interface is perfectly sealed. No fluid leaks across the interface.

• Mechanical effects such as hard stops, inertia, and friction, are ignored.

Parameters

Parameters Tab

Mechanical orientation

Alignment of the moving interface relative to the direction of flow. If the mechanical orientation is positive, a positive flow rate into the converter through port A corresponds to a positive translation of port R relative to port C. If the mechanical orientation is negative, a positive flow rate corresponds to a negative translation instead. The default setting is Positive.

Interface cross-sectional area

Area normal to the direction of flow at the converter inlet. This area need not be the same as the inlet area. Pressure losses due to changes in flow area inside the converter are ignored. The default value is 0.01 m^2.

Interface initial displacement

Translational offset of the moving interface at the start of simulation. A zero displacement corresponds to a total fluid volume in the converter equal to the specified dead volume. The default value is 0 m.

This parameter must be greater than or equal to zero if the Mechanical orientation parameter is set to Positive. It must be smaller than or equal to zero if the Mechanical orientation parameter is set to Negative.

Dead volume

Volume of fluid left in the converter when the interface displacement is zero. The dead volume enables the block to account for mass and energy storage in the converter even at a zero interface displacement. The default value is 1e-5 m^3.

Cross-sectional area at port A

Flow area of the converter inlet, represented by port A. This area need not be the same as the interface cross-sectional area. Pressure losses due to changes in flow area inside the converter are ignored. The default value is 0.01 m^2.

Environment pressure specification

Pressure characteristics of the surrounding environment. Select Atmospheric pressure to set the environment pressure to the atmospheric pressure specified in the Two-Phase Fluid Properties (2P) block. Select Specified pressure to set the environment pressure to a different value. The default setting is Atmospheric pressure.

Environment pressure

Absolute pressure of the surrounding environment. The environment pressure acts against the internal pressure of the converter and affects the motion of the converter shaft. This parameter is active only when the Environment pressure specification parameter is set to Specified pressure. The default value, 0.101325 MPa, corresponds to atmospheric pressure at mean sea level.

Effects and Initial Conditions Tab

Initial fluid energy specification

Thermodynamic variable in terms of which to define the initial conditions of the component. The default setting is Temperature.

Initial pressure

Pressure in the chamber at the start of simulation, specified against absolute zero. The default value is 0.101325 MPa.

Initial temperature

Temperature in the chamber at the start of simulation, specified against absolute zero. This parameter is active when the Initial fluid energy specification option is set to Temperature. The default value is 293.15 K.

Initial vapor quality

Mass fraction of vapor in the chamber at the start of simulation. This parameter is active when the Initial fluid energy specification option is set to Vapor quality. The default value is 0.5.

Initial vapor void fraction

Volume fraction of vapor in the chamber at the start of simulation. This parameter is active when the Initial fluid energy specification option is set to Vapor void fraction. The default value is 0.5.

Initial specific enthalpy

Specific enthalpy of the fluid in the chamber at the start of simulation. This parameter is active when the Initial fluid energy specification option is set to Specific enthalpy. The default value is 1500 kJ/kg.

Initial specific internal energy

Specific internal energy of the fluid in the chamber at the start of simulation. This parameter is active when the Initial fluid energy specification option is set to Specific internal energy. The default value is 1500 kJ/kg.

Phase change time constant

Characteristic duration of a phase-change event. This constant introduces a time lag into the transition between phases. The default value is 0.1 s.

Ports

The block has the following ports:

A

Two-phase fluid conserving port associated with the converter inlet.

H

Thermal conserving port representing the converter surface through which heat exchange occurs.

R

Mechanical translational conserving port associated with the converter rod.

C

Mechanical translational conserving port associated with the converter case.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.