{"group":{"id":1,"name":"Community","lockable":false,"created_at":"2012-01-18T18:02:15.000Z","updated_at":"2025-12-14T01:33:56.000Z","description":"Problems submitted by members of the MATLAB Central community.","is_default":true,"created_by":161519,"badge_id":null,"featured":false,"trending":false,"solution_count_in_trending_period":0,"trending_last_calculated":"2025-12-14T00:00:00.000Z","image_id":null,"published":true,"community_created":false,"status_id":2,"is_default_group_for_player":false,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"restored_by":null,"restored_at":null,"description_opc":null,"description_html":null,"published_at":null},"problems":[{"id":46031,"title":"Construct dimensionless parameters","description":"*Summary* \r\n\r\nWrite a function to construct dimensionless parameters from a list of variables, a matrix indicating their dimensions, and a vector identifying the variables to use to make the other variables dimensionless. More details are given in \"Problem statement\" below.\r\n\r\n*Introduction* \r\n\r\n_Dimensional analysis and the Buckingham π theorem_\r\n\r\nThe \u003chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_π_theorem Buckingham π theorem\u003e is a key result exploited in \u003chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis dimensional analysis\u003e in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. It states that if a problem involves _m_ variables and _n_ physical dimensions (e.g., length, time, mass), then the problem can be described with _m-n_ dimensionless groups, called π groups. In \u003chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_π_theorem other words\u003e, the \"physics does not depend on a specific unit system\".\r\n\r\nTo find the dimensionless groups, we follow these steps:\r\n\r\n# Choose _n_ variables that cannot form a dimensionless group by themselves\r\n# Form the product of one of the remaining _m-n_ variables with the variables in step 1, each raised to different exponents\r\n# Determine the exponents that would make the product (or group) dimensionless\r\n# Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the remaining variables\r\n\r\n_Example_\r\n\r\nSuppose we are interested in the drag _F_ (i.e., a force) on a cylinder of length _L_ and diameter _d_ immersed in a fluid of density _ρ_ and dynamic viscosity _μ_ flowing at velocity _V_. Because the problem involves 6 variables and 3 dimensions (length, time, and mass), it can be described with 3 dimensionless groups. For step 1 above, choose _V_, _d_, and _ρ_. We could choose other lists of 3, but notice that we could not choose _V_, _d_, and _L_ because _d_ and _L_ form a dimensionless group themselves (and we have no way of removing mass dimensions.)\r\n\r\nFor step 2, start with the drag _F_. Following the step, we get\r\n\r\n\r\n π_1 = F V^a1 d^a2 ρ^a3\r\n\r\nwhere _a1_, _a2_, and _a3_ are exponents. Because π_1 must be dimensionless and because the dimensionless of _F_, _V_, _d_, and _ρ_ are ML/T^2, L/T, L, and M/L^3, respectively, we can solve a system of three equations to find the exponents and write \r\n\r\n π_1 = F V^{-2} d^{-2} ρ^{-1}\r\n\r\nwhich is related to a quantity in fluid mechanics called the drag coefficient. We then repeat steps 2 and 3 with the two remaining variables and find\r\n\r\n  \r\n π_2 = L d^{-1}   and   π_3 = μ V^{-1} d^{-1} ρ^{-1}\r\n\r\nor a geometric ratio and the inverse of the \u003chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number Reynolds number\u003e.   \r\n\r\n*Problem statement*\r\n\r\nWrite a function that constructs dimensionless parameters from a cell array |vars| with the variable names, a matrix |dims| with the exponents for the dimensions in rows (length, time, mass) for each variable in the columns, and a vector |indx| indicating the variables chosen in step 1 above. The function should return a cell array |Pi| with the dimensionless groups in strings and a vector |a| of size |m x m-n| with the exponents of the normalizing variables. For the example above, the input could be specified as\r\n\r\n\r\n vars = {'F', 'V', 'd', 'L', 'rho', 'mu'};\r\n indx = [2 3 5];\r\n dims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\r\n         -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\r\n          1  0  0  0   1   1];\r\n  \r\nand the output would be\r\n  \r\n Pi = {'F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}', 'L d^{-1}', 'mu V^{-1} d^{-1} rho^{-1}'} \r\n a  = [-2   0  -1;\r\n       -2  -1  -1;\r\n       -1   0  -1]\r\n\r\nFurther specifications:\r\n\r\n* If the variables chosen in |indx| will not work (i.e., the number is incorrect or some form a dimensionless group themselves), return |a = NaN| and |Pi = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'}|.\r\n* If the exponent of a variable is zero, omit the variable from the string.\r\n* If the exponent of a variable is one, keep the variable but do not show the exponent.\r\n* If the exponent of a variable is a positive integer, indicate it with a caret (^) and no braces.\r\n* If the exponent is anything else, indicate it with a caret and braces. \r\n* If the exponent is not an integer, express it as a fraction. Hint: MATLAB has a function that will help. \r\n\r\n","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.4333px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 1429.07px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 407px 714.533px; transform-origin: 407px 714.533px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 31.9px 7.8px; transform-origin: 31.9px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eSummary\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 63px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 31.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 31.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 376.783px 7.8px; transform-origin: 376.783px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eWrite a function to construct dimensionless parameters from a list of variables, a matrix indicating their dimensions, and a vector identifying the variables to use to make the other variables dimensionless. More details are given in \"Problem statement\" below.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 40.8167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 40.8167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 133.45px 7.8px; transform-origin: 133.45px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eDimensional analysis and the Buckingham \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eπ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 27.6167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 27.6167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003e theorem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 84px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 42px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 42px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 12.0667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 12.0667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_%CF%80_theorem\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eBuckingham π theorem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 82.0833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 82.0833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e is a key result exploited in\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003edimensional analysis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 115.167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 115.167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. It states that if a problem involves\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 43.5833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 43.5833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e variables and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 174.633px 7.8px; transform-origin: 174.633px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e physical dimensions (e.g., length, time, mass), then the problem can be described with\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-5px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"m-n\" style=\"width: 38.5px; height: 18px;\" width=\"38.5\" height=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 93.7667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 93.7667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e dimensionless groups, called \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eπ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 33.0667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 33.0667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e groups. In\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_%CF%80_theorem\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eother words\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 96.65px 7.8px; transform-origin: 96.65px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, the \"physics does not depend on a specific unit system\".\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 174.267px 7.8px; transform-origin: 174.267px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eTo find the dimensionless groups, we follow these steps:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003col style=\"block-size: 102.167px; counter-reset: list-item 0; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: decimal; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 51.0833px; transform-origin: 391px 51.0833px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; \"\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24.1333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 24.1333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eChoose\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 201.117px 7.8px; transform-origin: 201.117px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e variables that cannot form a dimensionless group by themselves\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 40.8667px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 20.4333px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 20.4333px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 126.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 126.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eForm the product of one of the remaining\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-5px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"m-n\" style=\"width: 38.5px; height: 18px;\" width=\"38.5\" height=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 191.25px 7.8px; transform-origin: 191.25px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e variables with the variables in step 1, each raised to different exponents\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 247.017px 7.8px; transform-origin: 247.017px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eDetermine the exponents that would make the product (or group) dimensionless\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 150.933px 7.8px; transform-origin: 150.933px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eRepeat steps 2 and 3 for the remaining variables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 27.2333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 27.2333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eExample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 105px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 52.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 52.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 118.267px 7.8px; transform-origin: 118.267px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eSuppose we are interested in the drag\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 111.633px 7.8px; transform-origin: 111.633px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e (i.e., a force) on a cylinder of length\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 42.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 42.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and diameter\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 70.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 70.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e immersed in a fluid of density\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eρ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 70.0167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 70.0167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and dynamic viscosity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eμ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 56.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 56.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e flowing at velocity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 191.783px 7.8px; transform-origin: 191.783px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e. Because the problem involves 6 variables and 3 dimensions (length, time, and mass), it can be described with 3 dimensionless groups. For step 1 above, choose\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eρ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 16.2px 7.8px; transform-origin: 16.2px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e. We could choose other lists of 3, but notice that we could not choose\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 28.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 28.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e because\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 70.0167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 70.0167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e form a dimensionless group themselves (and we have no way of removing mass dimensions.)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 91px 7.8px; transform-origin: 91px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eFor step 2, start with the drag\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 4.28333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 4.28333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eF\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 84.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 84.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e. Following the step, we get\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 26px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 13px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 13px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"pi_1 = F V^{a1} d^{a2} rho^{a3}\" style=\"width: 102px; height: 26px;\" width=\"102\" height=\"26\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 42.8167px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21.4167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21.4167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 19.0667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 19.0667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003ewhere\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ea1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ea2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ea3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 79.35px 7.8px; transform-origin: 79.35px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e are exponents. Because \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB8AAAAoCAYAAAAG0SEsAAABCUlEQVRYhe2WUQ2EMAyGPw84wAAGUHAKcDAHOMACGpBwHrCABixwD7ShtwMCt+Verl/SBDq2f/SnC+A4juM4P6YEGqC9EFUu0QLogeVGlLmER2ACnmbxp8Qo95PJ9TmEkcWCXFdGWAmSa3MJKgXv3mnpg8lNksvm8dFGYj+1EtOF+TXw+FZcy2tL3kmuO5lXAsOF507R8lpvZ8nVB3Nq1k0niddsJVdvH3I/s1pyRpsiri02mtywk+vY7++vxK1fC+vppqgN+rGFaCNJ4rbU8RsSjWkceX9bvDGLznz2sa1I3PvJ4rB+VIF9HwsZaw/Gk8Vz4eL/J66H1PBL0ZKtIzQaMv3lOI5zmxdP4XNErSZ5SAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"pi1\" style=\"width: 15.5px; height: 20px;\" width=\"15.5\" height=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 180.9px 7.8px; transform-origin: 180.9px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e must be dimensionless and because the dimensionless of\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eρ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 7.8px; transform-origin: 14px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e are \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-5px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"ML/T^2\" style=\"width: 47px; height: 19.5px;\" width=\"47\" height=\"19.5\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 38.5px 7.8px; transform-origin: 38.5px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, L/T, L, and \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-5px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"M/L^3\" style=\"width: 38px; height: 19.5px;\" width=\"38\" height=\"19.5\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 269.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 269.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, respectively, we can solve a system of three equations to find the exponents and write\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21.8167px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.9167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.9167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"pi1 = F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}\" style=\"width: 107.5px; height: 21px;\" width=\"107.5\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363.433px 7.8px; transform-origin: 363.433px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003ewhich is related to a quantity in fluid mechanics called the drag coefficient. We then repeat steps 2 and 3 with the two remaining variables and find\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21.8167px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.9167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.9167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"pi2 = L/d\" style=\"width: 64px; height: 21px;\" width=\"64\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 11.6833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 11.6833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eand\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21.8167px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.9167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.9167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"pi3 = mu/(V d rho)\" style=\"width: 105.5px; height: 21px;\" width=\"105.5\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 129.517px 7.8px; transform-origin: 129.517px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eor a geometric ratio and the inverse of the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eReynolds number\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 63.0167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 63.0167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eProblem statement\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 106.8px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 53.4px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 53.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 231.7px 7.8px; transform-origin: 231.7px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eWrite a function that constructs dimensionless parameters from a cell array\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003evars\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 104.25px 7.8px; transform-origin: 104.25px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e with the variable names, a matrix\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003edims\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e with the exponents for the dimensions in rows (length, time, mass) for each variable in the columns, and a vector\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003eindx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e indicating the variables chosen in step 1 above. The function should return a cell array\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 7.8px; transform-origin: 7.7px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003ePi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 105.033px 7.8px; transform-origin: 105.033px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e with the dimensionless groups in strings and a vector\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 3.85px 7.8px; transform-origin: 3.85px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 3.85px 8.25px; transform-origin: 3.85px 8.25px; \"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 22.1667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 22.1667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e of size\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 26.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 26.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; transform-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; \"\u003em x m-n\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 255.567px 7.8px; transform-origin: 255.567px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e with the exponents of the normalizing variables. For the example above, the input could be specified as\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); block-size: 102.167px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-end-end-radius: 4px; border-end-start-radius: 4px; border-start-end-radius: 4px; border-start-start-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; margin-block-end: 10px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-inline-end: 3px; margin-inline-start: 3px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 404px 51.0833px; transform-origin: 404px 51.0833px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 3px; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 161.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 161.7px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 34.65px 8.25px; transform-origin: 34.65px 8.25px; \"\u003e vars = {\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; \"\u003e'F'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; \"\u003e'V'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; \"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; \"\u003e'L'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 19.25px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 19.25px 8.25px; \"\u003e'rho'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003e'mu'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e};\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 61.6px 8.25px; transform-origin: 61.6px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e indx = [2 3 5];\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 111.65px 8.25px; transform-origin: 111.65px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e dims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 111.65px 8.25px; transform-origin: 111.65px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e         -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 115.5px 8.25px; transform-origin: 115.5px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e          1  0  0  0   1   1];\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 74.7px 7.8px; transform-origin: 74.7px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eand the output would be\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); block-size: 81.7333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-end-end-radius: 4px; border-end-start-radius: 4px; border-start-end-radius: 4px; border-start-start-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; margin-block-end: 10px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-inline-end: 3px; margin-inline-start: 3px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 404px 40.8667px; transform-origin: 404px 40.8667px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 3px; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 292.6px 8.25px; transform-origin: 292.6px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; transform-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; \"\u003e Pi = {\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 100.1px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 100.1px 8.25px; \"\u003e'F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 38.5px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 38.5px 8.25px; \"\u003e'L d^{-1}'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 103.95px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 103.95px 8.25px; \"\u003e'mu V^{-1} d^{-1} rho^{-1}'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e} \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; transform-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e a  = [-2   0  -1;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; transform-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e       -2  -1  -1;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; transform-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e       -1   0  -1]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 68.4667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 68.4667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eFurther specifications:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cul style=\"block-size: 143.933px; counter-reset: list-item 0; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 71.9667px; transform-origin: 391px 71.9667px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; \"\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 41.7667px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 20.8833px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 20.8833px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 77.4167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 77.4167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the variables chosen in\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003eindx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 245.833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 245.833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e will not work (i.e., the number is incorrect or some form a dimensionless group themselves), return\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 26.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 26.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; transform-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; \"\u003ea = NaN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 184.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 184.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 184.8px 8.25px; transform-origin: 184.8px 8.25px; \"\u003ePi = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 212.75px 7.8px; transform-origin: 212.75px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is zero, omit the variable from the string.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 259.833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 259.833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is one, keep the variable but do not show the exponent.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 277.117px 7.8px; transform-origin: 277.117px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is a positive integer, indicate it with a caret (^) and no braces.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 206.15px 7.8px; transform-origin: 206.15px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent is anything else, indicate it with a caret and braces.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 307.133px 7.8px; transform-origin: 307.133px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent is not an integer, express it as a fraction. Hint: MATLAB has a function that will help.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function [Pi, a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx)\r\n  a  = ...;\r\n  Pi = ...;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%  Drag coefficient for a cylinder\r\n%     F = drag force, V = velocity, d = diameter, L = length, rho = density, mu = dynamic viscosity\r\nvars = {'F', 'V', 'd', 'L', 'rho', 'mu'};\r\nindx = [2 3 5];\r\ndims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\r\n        -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\r\n         1  0  0  0   1   1];\r\nPi_correct = {'F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}', 'L d^{-1}', 'mu V^{-1} d^{-1} rho^{-1}'};\r\na_correct  = [-2   0  -1;\r\n              -2  -1  -1;\r\n              -1   0  -1];\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Drag coefficient for a cylinder--normalizing variables form a dimensionless group\r\n%     F = drag force, V = velocity, d = diameter, L = length, rho = density, mu = dynamic viscosity\r\nvars = {'F', 'V', 'd', 'L', 'rho', 'mu'};\r\nindx = [2 3 4];\r\ndims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\r\n        -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\r\n         1  0  0  0   1   1];\r\nPi_correct = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'};\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isnan(a))\r\n\r\n%%  Time for a ball to fall a distance h\r\n%     T = time, g = acceleration of gravity, h = distance, m = mass of ball\r\nvars = {'T', 'g', 'h', 'm'};\r\nindx = 2:4;\r\ndims = [ 0  1  1  0;\r\n         1 -2  0  0;\r\n         0  0  0  1];\r\nPi_correct = {'T g^{1/2} h^{-1/2}'};\r\na_correct  = [0.5 -0.5 0]';\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Period of a pendulum with small amplitude\r\n%     T = period, L = length of pendulum, g = acceleration of gravity\r\nvars = {'T', 'L', 'g'};\r\nindx = 2:3;\r\ndims = [ 0  1  1;\r\n         1  0 -2];\r\nPi_correct = {'T L^{-1/2} g^{1/2}'};\r\na_correct  = [-0.5 0.5]';\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Period of a pendulum with finite amplitude\r\n%     T = period, L = length of pendulum, g = acceleration of gravity, theta0 = initial amplitude\r\nvars = {'T', 'L', 'g', 'theta0'};\r\nindx = 2:3;\r\ndims = [ 0  1  1 0;\r\n         1  0 -2 0];\r\nPi_correct = {'T L^{-1/2} g^{1/2}', 'theta0'};\r\na_correct  = [-0.5 0;\r\n               0.5 0];\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Stokes first problem: flow induced by an impulsively started plate bounded a semi-infinite viscous fluid\r\n%     u = fluid velocity, U = plate velocity, y = distance from plate, t = time, nu = kinematic viscosity\r\nvars = {'u', 'U', 'y', 't', 'nu'};\r\nindx = 3:4;\r\ndims = [ 1  1  1  0  2;\r\n        -1 -1  0  1 -1];\r\nPi_correct = {'u y^{-1} t', 'U y^{-1} t', 'nu y^{-2} t'};\r\na_correct  = [-1  -1  -2\r\n               1   1   1];\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Kepler's 3rd law for a planet whose mass is much smaller than the Sun's mass\r\n%      T = orbital period, r = semi-major axis of the orbit, G = gravitational constant, M = mass of Sun\r\nvars = {'T' 'r' 'G' 'M'};\r\nindx = 2:4;\r\ndims = [ 0  1  3  0; \r\n         1  0 -2  0; \r\n         0  0 -1  1];\r\nPi_correct = {'T r^{-3/2} G^{1/2} M^{1/2}'};\r\na_correct  = [-1.5 0.5 0.5]';\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Kepler's 3rd law--too few normalizing variables\r\n%      T = orbital period, r = semi-major axis of the orbit, G = gravitational constant, M = mass of Sun\r\nvars = {'T' 'r' 'G' 'M'};\r\nindx = 2:3;\r\ndims = [ 0  1 -1  0; \r\n         1  0 -2  0; \r\n         0  0 -1  1];\r\nPi_correct = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'};\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isnan(a))","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":1,"comments_count":0,"created_by":46909,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":4,"test_suite_updated_at":"2020-07-07T17:45:44.000Z","rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2020-07-05T14:44:00.000Z","updated_at":"2020-07-30T17:53:02.000Z","published_at":"2020-07-05T23:53:11.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":false,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSummary\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eWrite a function to construct dimensionless parameters from a list of variables, a matrix indicating their dimensions, and a vector identifying the variables to use to make the other variables dimensionless. More details are given in \\\"Problem statement\\\" below.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIntroduction\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eDimensional analysis and the Buckingham \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e theorem\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_π_theorem\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eBuckingham π theorem\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e is a key result exploited in\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003edimensional analysis\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. It states that if a problem involves\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"m\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003em\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e variables and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"n\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003en\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e physical dimensions (e.g., length, time, mass), then the problem can be described with\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"m-n\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003em-n\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e dimensionless groups, called \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e groups. In\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_π_theorem\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eother words\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, the \\\"physics does not depend on a specific unit system\\\".\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eTo find the dimensionless groups, we follow these steps:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eChoose\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"n\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003en\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e variables that cannot form a dimensionless group by themselves\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eForm the product of one of the remaining\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"m-n\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003em-n\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e variables with the variables in step 1, each raised to different exponents\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eDetermine the exponents that would make the product (or group) dimensionless\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eRepeat steps 2 and 3 for the remaining variables\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eExample\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSuppose we are interested in the drag\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"F\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eF\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e (i.e., a force) on a cylinder of length\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"L\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eL\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and diameter\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e immersed in a fluid of density\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"rho\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rho\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and dynamic viscosity\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"mu\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\mu\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e flowing at velocity\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"V\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eV\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e. Because the problem involves 6 variables and 3 dimensions (length, time, and mass), it can be described with 3 dimensionless groups. For step 1 above, choose\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"V\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eV\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"rho\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rho\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e. We could choose other lists of 3, but notice that we could not choose\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"V\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eV\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"L\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eL\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e because\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"L\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eL\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e form a dimensionless group themselves (and we have no way of removing mass dimensions.)\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eFor step 2, start with the drag\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eF\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e. Following the step, we get\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e       \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"true\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi_1 = F V^{a1} d^{a2} rho^{a3}\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_1 = F V^{a_1} d^{a_2} \\\\rho^{a3}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ewhere\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea1\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea2\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea3\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e are exponents. Because \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_1\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e must be dimensionless and because the dimensionless of\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"F\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eF\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"V\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eV\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"rho\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rho\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e are \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"ML/T^2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rm ML/T^2\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, L/T, L, and \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"M/L^3\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rm M/L^3\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, respectively, we can solve a system of three equations to find the exponents and write\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e       \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"true\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi1 = F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_1 = F V^{-2}d^{-2}\\\\rho^{-1}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ewhich is related to a quantity in fluid mechanics called the drag coefficient. We then repeat steps 2 and 3 with the two remaining variables and find\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e       \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"true\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi2 = L/d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_2 = L d^{-1}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eand\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e       \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"true\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi3 = mu/(V d rho)\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_3 = \\\\mu V^{-1} d^{-1} \\\\rho^{-1}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eor a geometric ratio and the inverse of the\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eReynolds number\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eProblem statement\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eWrite a function that constructs dimensionless parameters from a cell array\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003evars\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e with the variable names, a matrix\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003edims\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e with the exponents for the dimensions in rows (length, time, mass) for each variable in the columns, and a vector\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eindx\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e indicating the variables chosen in step 1 above. The function should return a cell array\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ePi\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e with the dimensionless groups in strings and a vector\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e of size\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003em x m-n\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e with the exponents of the normalizing variables. For the example above, the input could be specified as\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"code\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c![CDATA[ vars = {'F', 'V', 'd', 'L', 'rho', 'mu'};\\n indx = [2 3 5];\\n dims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\\n         -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\\n          1  0  0  0   1   1];]]\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eand the output would be\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"code\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c![CDATA[ Pi = {'F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}', 'L d^{-1}', 'mu V^{-1} d^{-1} rho^{-1}'} \\n a  = [-2   0  -1;\\n       -2  -1  -1;\\n       -1   0  -1]]]\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eFurther specifications:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the variables chosen in\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eindx\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e will not work (i.e., the number is incorrect or some form a dimensionless group themselves), return\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea = NaN\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ePi = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is zero, omit the variable from the string.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is one, keep the variable but do not show the exponent.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is a positive integer, indicate it with a caret (^) and no braces.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent is anything else, indicate it with a caret and braces.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent is not an integer, express it as a fraction. Hint: MATLAB has a function that will help.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"}],"problem_search":{"errors":[],"problems":[{"id":46031,"title":"Construct dimensionless parameters","description":"*Summary* \r\n\r\nWrite a function to construct dimensionless parameters from a list of variables, a matrix indicating their dimensions, and a vector identifying the variables to use to make the other variables dimensionless. More details are given in \"Problem statement\" below.\r\n\r\n*Introduction* \r\n\r\n_Dimensional analysis and the Buckingham π theorem_\r\n\r\nThe \u003chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_π_theorem Buckingham π theorem\u003e is a key result exploited in \u003chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis dimensional analysis\u003e in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. It states that if a problem involves _m_ variables and _n_ physical dimensions (e.g., length, time, mass), then the problem can be described with _m-n_ dimensionless groups, called π groups. In \u003chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_π_theorem other words\u003e, the \"physics does not depend on a specific unit system\".\r\n\r\nTo find the dimensionless groups, we follow these steps:\r\n\r\n# Choose _n_ variables that cannot form a dimensionless group by themselves\r\n# Form the product of one of the remaining _m-n_ variables with the variables in step 1, each raised to different exponents\r\n# Determine the exponents that would make the product (or group) dimensionless\r\n# Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the remaining variables\r\n\r\n_Example_\r\n\r\nSuppose we are interested in the drag _F_ (i.e., a force) on a cylinder of length _L_ and diameter _d_ immersed in a fluid of density _ρ_ and dynamic viscosity _μ_ flowing at velocity _V_. Because the problem involves 6 variables and 3 dimensions (length, time, and mass), it can be described with 3 dimensionless groups. For step 1 above, choose _V_, _d_, and _ρ_. We could choose other lists of 3, but notice that we could not choose _V_, _d_, and _L_ because _d_ and _L_ form a dimensionless group themselves (and we have no way of removing mass dimensions.)\r\n\r\nFor step 2, start with the drag _F_. Following the step, we get\r\n\r\n\r\n π_1 = F V^a1 d^a2 ρ^a3\r\n\r\nwhere _a1_, _a2_, and _a3_ are exponents. Because π_1 must be dimensionless and because the dimensionless of _F_, _V_, _d_, and _ρ_ are ML/T^2, L/T, L, and M/L^3, respectively, we can solve a system of three equations to find the exponents and write \r\n\r\n π_1 = F V^{-2} d^{-2} ρ^{-1}\r\n\r\nwhich is related to a quantity in fluid mechanics called the drag coefficient. We then repeat steps 2 and 3 with the two remaining variables and find\r\n\r\n  \r\n π_2 = L d^{-1}   and   π_3 = μ V^{-1} d^{-1} ρ^{-1}\r\n\r\nor a geometric ratio and the inverse of the \u003chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number Reynolds number\u003e.   \r\n\r\n*Problem statement*\r\n\r\nWrite a function that constructs dimensionless parameters from a cell array |vars| with the variable names, a matrix |dims| with the exponents for the dimensions in rows (length, time, mass) for each variable in the columns, and a vector |indx| indicating the variables chosen in step 1 above. The function should return a cell array |Pi| with the dimensionless groups in strings and a vector |a| of size |m x m-n| with the exponents of the normalizing variables. For the example above, the input could be specified as\r\n\r\n\r\n vars = {'F', 'V', 'd', 'L', 'rho', 'mu'};\r\n indx = [2 3 5];\r\n dims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\r\n         -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\r\n          1  0  0  0   1   1];\r\n  \r\nand the output would be\r\n  \r\n Pi = {'F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}', 'L d^{-1}', 'mu V^{-1} d^{-1} rho^{-1}'} \r\n a  = [-2   0  -1;\r\n       -2  -1  -1;\r\n       -1   0  -1]\r\n\r\nFurther specifications:\r\n\r\n* If the variables chosen in |indx| will not work (i.e., the number is incorrect or some form a dimensionless group themselves), return |a = NaN| and |Pi = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'}|.\r\n* If the exponent of a variable is zero, omit the variable from the string.\r\n* If the exponent of a variable is one, keep the variable but do not show the exponent.\r\n* If the exponent of a variable is a positive integer, indicate it with a caret (^) and no braces.\r\n* If the exponent is anything else, indicate it with a caret and braces. \r\n* If the exponent is not an integer, express it as a fraction. Hint: MATLAB has a function that will help. \r\n\r\n","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.4333px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 1429.07px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 407px 714.533px; transform-origin: 407px 714.533px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 31.9px 7.8px; transform-origin: 31.9px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eSummary\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 63px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 31.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 31.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 376.783px 7.8px; transform-origin: 376.783px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eWrite a function to construct dimensionless parameters from a list of variables, a matrix indicating their dimensions, and a vector identifying the variables to use to make the other variables dimensionless. More details are given in \"Problem statement\" below.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 40.8167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 40.8167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 133.45px 7.8px; transform-origin: 133.45px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eDimensional analysis and the Buckingham \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eπ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 27.6167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 27.6167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003e theorem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 84px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 42px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 42px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 12.0667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 12.0667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_%CF%80_theorem\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eBuckingham π theorem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 82.0833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 82.0833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e is a key result exploited in\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003edimensional analysis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 115.167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 115.167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. It states that if a problem involves\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 43.5833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 43.5833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e variables and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 174.633px 7.8px; transform-origin: 174.633px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e physical dimensions (e.g., length, time, mass), then the problem can be described with\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-5px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"m-n\" style=\"width: 38.5px; height: 18px;\" width=\"38.5\" height=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 93.7667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 93.7667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e dimensionless groups, called \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eπ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 33.0667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 33.0667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e groups. In\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_%CF%80_theorem\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eother words\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 96.65px 7.8px; transform-origin: 96.65px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, the \"physics does not depend on a specific unit system\".\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 174.267px 7.8px; transform-origin: 174.267px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eTo find the dimensionless groups, we follow these steps:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003col style=\"block-size: 102.167px; counter-reset: list-item 0; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: decimal; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 51.0833px; transform-origin: 391px 51.0833px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; \"\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24.1333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 24.1333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eChoose\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 201.117px 7.8px; transform-origin: 201.117px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e variables that cannot form a dimensionless group by themselves\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 40.8667px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 20.4333px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 20.4333px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 126.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 126.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eForm the product of one of the remaining\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-5px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAE0AAAAkCAYAAADM8rciAAAB1UlEQVRoge2XUY3DMBBEh0MYlEAIFEERhEEYhEEpHIZCKIdQCIZQ6H3Yo0z2tj27vatcaZ9kqc3Iye56PXGAIAiCIAiCIAiCIAg+jh7ACcAg17r8f8qahdrx36N7jQ4pxjH/Jj1S/JO5/pAjgDOAm4xRbrgYrRdtluuraK3QAbhin8Mi2gX73ObaB2jhemwFO+VB7STa5GgtojGyo2aknPmbenG3AWlFuBIsCrfcIDc9/KK1iMbYI+U6is7cr7U3XvPEC1Ll1aPYhXO+sXreF/ZtXwJ98JVRs0Aa44SUo6JdWEwvE6/OZLbvkgNQ6BfniudxZV8ZNf7JGJc87IvgmXtilInWDDvRVvPAg2g1fvYXnVbqPVqUG36+5SfJrQpdeVtt9YPxgVZloG9EG8LuEmDL3dPuop3kGSH9wFsJatUG+ka0IawPau4DKtBu8SbSD7yVoEYPbO3tqUWx5g/sjyLcKUU5aCfZLaZ+YL3gYDQedlvaploUryHsThlQuE31qGFRk7TF0IB49mntU4pHJS9+YMv9jFSwomOTdpK3EjxqeJ7FgjKo1goGbPZxz3Pt51XRLjlie4V7UPMK0mXNfgC3xKP4ge1jveolEARBEARBEAQfyzelOuHRDH9yPgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"m-n\" style=\"width: 38.5px; height: 18px;\" width=\"38.5\" height=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 191.25px 7.8px; transform-origin: 191.25px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e variables with the variables in step 1, each raised to different exponents\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 247.017px 7.8px; transform-origin: 247.017px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eDetermine the exponents that would make the product (or group) dimensionless\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 150.933px 7.8px; transform-origin: 150.933px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eRepeat steps 2 and 3 for the remaining variables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 27.2333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 27.2333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eExample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 105px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 52.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 52.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 118.267px 7.8px; transform-origin: 118.267px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eSuppose we are interested in the drag\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 111.633px 7.8px; transform-origin: 111.633px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e (i.e., a force) on a cylinder of length\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 42.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 42.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and diameter\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 70.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 70.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e immersed in a fluid of density\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eρ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 70.0167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 70.0167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and dynamic viscosity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eμ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 56.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 56.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e flowing at velocity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 191.783px 7.8px; transform-origin: 191.783px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e. Because the problem involves 6 variables and 3 dimensions (length, time, and mass), it can be described with 3 dimensionless groups. For step 1 above, choose\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eρ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 16.2px 7.8px; transform-origin: 16.2px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e. We could choose other lists of 3, but notice that we could not choose\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 28.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 28.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e because\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 70.0167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 70.0167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e form a dimensionless group themselves (and we have no way of removing mass dimensions.)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 91px 7.8px; transform-origin: 91px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eFor step 2, start with the drag\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 4.28333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 4.28333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eF\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 84.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 84.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e. Following the step, we get\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 26px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 13px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 13px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAMwAAAA0CAYAAADG49eGAAAGX0lEQVR4nO2ca5XqMBSFt4c6wEANoAAFOMABDrCABiTgAQtoqAXuj3RPdjNJn2lD555vra57p0AbknNyngUwDMMwDMMwDMMwDMMwDMMwDMMwDMMwDMMwtqECcAPwaP+9A3i3f5fiJON5tGP6AKgLjskwUANoAFzhFAdwAvoBcC40JioslaNux/MuNB7DAOCV5QmvLGj//gTnlEN7rAEtyUnOHdtzt8RYjjDLY2wAFSMUtgbAK/J+um6hQOeCihG6gpfIPWs4i/OR4wlTHGMlTvBCppwR380vcG5bg/UU5tVe+xicp2LQ4h3acXAMtXz2hbRl3IoaZvX+HLQUFzlXwQtnSiGeA6/PpYKPU1TgaV3U4t3QHbd+PqZwWxGzejeUV2AjAxR8DewZbH/gdvFY0L+WwtAd08BeLcetvecBztLFWGtsY6jgrB7n7AA/9lLJEyMjV/h44QgnbCq0L8RdijUtjLp7FzgFpiV8YDjNzbGtlZDo44rfc0K3N5asMCJUcEI49wjpe29MuPvuX8Et8hNOMPl5CmbKrcmpMMxwURH4/yfcrly193mim/ZOkUpWlIIbUAmLt0sosNwl9XjBCYIeYcYn5Bh53xveVYnd/xR8ZmkmKYfC3ND19e8LrkUonKXilxh3lC3+7hoV8jBgVegqpcz4IbjWGMFl5qvB8gA0l4WhgOfy8Z9Y3/W5wFs7WsIwSUGYUTTrMgNWqnkM7fBDAklff6zgsnKfY/FyKQz9+xwxxwXr7uQVnEfwgB8rs3ehdazbc1PXyBC4w49t7xgSInWxUhkjQosUc/HmkEth6KYujTmOWLdlhsrSoLsm9ARS81DBdy18U1y1C7jDj/XX+1w2wC/WmOsNtblMJZfCMIZZ4kYx7Rx+twr5MmWc63BNuKZD85p7/v8L1DzH/PWpvVlqsfp2L8YJQ1ZoCjkURuOwuddhH1xs3h6J81NhMTSM/Tj+MZaDCjdLYZhGHDpK5NHXIoxfYhPHNOpYNGBOBZ1oX8vtrtAyTA3U2S5Swfv/n5ljYM3mjd+ZxqmPJWjqPYwtGWeF16N1GWMdr5jhkp3xu2Wg78jZg7OkDtJX4xiLCkds4mgtpjKkhLGGxSXUcAJCwby31+7bOVnraeCfbWE6fUlcpeOIHWNSy4d2THy0QXvR+HlaB3V7VZZZYAXSbuAbwy52BwY+Y4/cO+KUe6eOJRkYDdDvcItxglsMzs2c6+sGFAoId+Ac9Y250GVq0N1wtCaV01WcAsem8659dHT1tPOB9TQWe7luVAaeu7WfZdA/aQ34tBx99FAhUp2xOenbicYeSxZWFU+LlSrwc+oQqoihFaEilgo0NcYKrfO157UtoLLENmZVZq7JGW6uH/DzTKXRddMuBcrMpNCCvirhRKnwcdG/qTqbE601xNwuLtAcwVbB0w2HMdMkNyAjFMjURsDv3Gw5qBa1IjGZS81pETiJ3FVoccZMXIV9PlugO1bMX78kzo9BYyM1+0+UzftTIFPfi7FCCXeRCpEamypMKXcRgDfRagZTldKQC5xSFdf4GVA4Ujv+NXF+DJopo4JwnktZ7CF3S59Z2brlXbuhU/dWN7eo16MBERlKTzLI0uch5lAqSxb2fKUEaG6cocLHIPWNshsL1zSVuFGruHXpQOOq1L2pUCXcxR9UcKi1WpsYEpihZsQhSmXJdIHWWgAtiN6Qp7lyLmrxUmtFhSrhMrJ2krq3rlep+A+Az9g0kXM6+FSL+lKFKZUl03T6Wv562Opf8sk+tR6x2k/JgFqt8Tcq8w86iaq1WiQCfGYlxlKFKcXStPEYNKlQusFPFSJUmLDbga8/sE0yR7OVMWWmnPZ1TawK/Wl1SXQgOnncJVNCtUeFCQVkLX+9ZEwQokJ5D84zaaNuOB8/3oLw3oompIo1SOpCxrT6FbzeFyPsUWG0O3lNYWbc8C1zo5vkC74tvkbXAr2xbVpZx8W1YNtO8RQy0P2t3pgJrNF9druPPSnMEU4QUnFQbsWp8F2PwHLd+Z0v6P6WGH8jecuUrSad+FQm25LOKGhV1mJPCmN8H5r9+qsdJR1MYYwl0D0uWlvZElMYYwmsVX2T67oqpjDGXDRbWbQYuSUsAJZ8tsPYJ1o8/nPBfcgBvpuXzyOcUb7eYOyHK+I/4WoYhmEYhmEYhmEYhmEYhmEYe+Ifk+cBRXVatCkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\" alt=\"pi_1 = F V^{a1} d^{a2} rho^{a3}\" style=\"width: 102px; height: 26px;\" width=\"102\" height=\"26\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 42.8167px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21.4167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21.4167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 19.0667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 19.0667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003ewhere\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ea1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ea2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; transform-origin: 7.78333px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ea3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 79.35px 7.8px; transform-origin: 79.35px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e are exponents. Because \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB8AAAAoCAYAAAAG0SEsAAABCUlEQVRYhe2WUQ2EMAyGPw84wAAGUHAKcDAHOMACGpBwHrCABixwD7ShtwMCt+Verl/SBDq2f/SnC+A4juM4P6YEGqC9EFUu0QLogeVGlLmER2ACnmbxp8Qo95PJ9TmEkcWCXFdGWAmSa3MJKgXv3mnpg8lNksvm8dFGYj+1EtOF+TXw+FZcy2tL3kmuO5lXAsOF507R8lpvZ8nVB3Nq1k0niddsJVdvH3I/s1pyRpsiri02mtywk+vY7++vxK1fC+vppqgN+rGFaCNJ4rbU8RsSjWkceX9bvDGLznz2sa1I3PvJ4rB+VIF9HwsZaw/Gk8Vz4eL/J66H1PBL0ZKtIzQaMv3lOI5zmxdP4XNErSZ5SAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"pi1\" style=\"width: 15.5px; height: 20px;\" width=\"15.5\" height=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 180.9px 7.8px; transform-origin: 180.9px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e must be dimensionless and because the dimensionless of\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.5667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;STIXGeneral\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;STIXGeneral-webfont\u0026quot;, serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eρ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 7.8px; transform-origin: 14px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e are \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-5px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"ML/T^2\" style=\"width: 47px; height: 19.5px;\" width=\"47\" height=\"19.5\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 38.5px 7.8px; transform-origin: 38.5px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, L/T, L, and \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-5px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"M/L^3\" style=\"width: 38px; height: 19.5px;\" width=\"38\" height=\"19.5\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 269.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 269.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, respectively, we can solve a system of three equations to find the exponents and write\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21.8167px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.9167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.9167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"pi1 = F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}\" style=\"width: 107.5px; height: 21px;\" width=\"107.5\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363.433px 7.8px; transform-origin: 363.433px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003ewhich is related to a quantity in fluid mechanics called the drag coefficient. We then repeat steps 2 and 3 with the two remaining variables and find\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21.8167px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.9167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.9167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"pi2 = L/d\" style=\"width: 64px; height: 21px;\" width=\"64\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 11.6833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 11.6833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eand\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21.8167px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.9167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.9167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:-6px\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"pi3 = mu/(V d rho)\" style=\"width: 105.5px; height: 21px;\" width=\"105.5\" height=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 129.517px 7.8px; transform-origin: 129.517px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eor a geometric ratio and the inverse of the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eReynolds number\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 63.0167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 63.0167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eProblem statement\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 106.8px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 53.4px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 53.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 231.7px 7.8px; transform-origin: 231.7px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eWrite a function that constructs dimensionless parameters from a cell array\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003evars\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 104.25px 7.8px; transform-origin: 104.25px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e with the variable names, a matrix\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003edims\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e with the exponents for the dimensions in rows (length, time, mass) for each variable in the columns, and a vector\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003eindx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e indicating the variables chosen in step 1 above. The function should return a cell array\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 7.8px; transform-origin: 7.7px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003ePi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 105.033px 7.8px; transform-origin: 105.033px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e with the dimensionless groups in strings and a vector\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 3.85px 7.8px; transform-origin: 3.85px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 3.85px 8.25px; transform-origin: 3.85px 8.25px; \"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 22.1667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 22.1667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e of size\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 26.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 26.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; transform-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; \"\u003em x m-n\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 255.567px 7.8px; transform-origin: 255.567px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e with the exponents of the normalizing variables. For the example above, the input could be specified as\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); block-size: 102.167px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-end-end-radius: 4px; border-end-start-radius: 4px; border-start-end-radius: 4px; border-start-start-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; margin-block-end: 10px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-inline-end: 3px; margin-inline-start: 3px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 404px 51.0833px; transform-origin: 404px 51.0833px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 3px; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 161.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 161.7px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 34.65px 8.25px; transform-origin: 34.65px 8.25px; \"\u003e vars = {\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; \"\u003e'F'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; \"\u003e'V'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; \"\u003e'd'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 11.55px 8.25px; \"\u003e'L'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 19.25px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 19.25px 8.25px; \"\u003e'rho'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003e'mu'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e};\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 61.6px 8.25px; transform-origin: 61.6px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e indx = [2 3 5];\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 111.65px 8.25px; transform-origin: 111.65px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e dims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 111.65px 8.25px; transform-origin: 111.65px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e         -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 115.5px 8.25px; transform-origin: 115.5px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e          1  0  0  0   1   1];\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 74.7px 7.8px; transform-origin: 74.7px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eand the output would be\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); block-size: 81.7333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-end-end-radius: 4px; border-end-start-radius: 4px; border-start-end-radius: 4px; border-start-start-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; margin-block-end: 10px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-inline-end: 3px; margin-inline-start: 3px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 404px 40.8667px; transform-origin: 404px 40.8667px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 3px; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 292.6px 8.25px; transform-origin: 292.6px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; transform-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; \"\u003e Pi = {\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 100.1px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 100.1px 8.25px; \"\u003e'F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 38.5px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 38.5px 8.25px; \"\u003e'L d^{-1}'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"border-block-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-block-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-end-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-inline-start-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-left-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-right-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); border-top-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); caret-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); color: rgb(170, 4, 249); column-rule-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); perspective-origin: 103.95px 8.25px; text-decoration: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); text-emphasis-color: rgb(170, 4, 249); transform-origin: 103.95px 8.25px; \"\u003e'mu V^{-1} d^{-1} rho^{-1}'\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; transform-origin: 7.7px 8.25px; \"\u003e} \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; transform-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e a  = [-2   0  -1;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; transform-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e       -2  -1  -1;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 0.916667px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 0.916667px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.916667px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.916667px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; transform-origin: 69.3px 8.25px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e       -1   0  -1]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 68.4667px 7.8px; transform-origin: 68.4667px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eFurther specifications:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cul style=\"block-size: 143.933px; counter-reset: list-item 0; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 71.9667px; transform-origin: 391px 71.9667px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; \"\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 41.7667px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 20.8833px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 20.8833px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 77.4167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 77.4167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the variables chosen in\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; transform-origin: 15.4px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; transform-origin: 15.4px 8.25px; \"\u003eindx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 245.833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 245.833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e will not work (i.e., the number is incorrect or some form a dimensionless group themselves), return\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 26.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 26.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; transform-origin: 26.95px 8.25px; \"\u003ea = NaN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.6167px 7.8px; transform-origin: 13.6167px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 184.8px 7.8px; transform-origin: 184.8px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, \u0026quot;Courier New\u0026quot;, monospace; perspective-origin: 184.8px 8.25px; transform-origin: 184.8px 8.25px; \"\u003ePi = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; transform-origin: 1.95px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 212.75px 7.8px; transform-origin: 212.75px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is zero, omit the variable from the string.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 259.833px 7.8px; transform-origin: 259.833px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is one, keep the variable but do not show the exponent.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 277.117px 7.8px; transform-origin: 277.117px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is a positive integer, indicate it with a caret (^) and no braces.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 206.15px 7.8px; transform-origin: 206.15px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent is anything else, indicate it with a caret and braces.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 307.133px 7.8px; transform-origin: 307.133px 7.8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eIf the exponent is not an integer, express it as a fraction. Hint: MATLAB has a function that will help.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function [Pi, a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx)\r\n  a  = ...;\r\n  Pi = ...;\r\nend","test_suite":"%%  Drag coefficient for a cylinder\r\n%     F = drag force, V = velocity, d = diameter, L = length, rho = density, mu = dynamic viscosity\r\nvars = {'F', 'V', 'd', 'L', 'rho', 'mu'};\r\nindx = [2 3 5];\r\ndims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\r\n        -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\r\n         1  0  0  0   1   1];\r\nPi_correct = {'F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}', 'L d^{-1}', 'mu V^{-1} d^{-1} rho^{-1}'};\r\na_correct  = [-2   0  -1;\r\n              -2  -1  -1;\r\n              -1   0  -1];\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Drag coefficient for a cylinder--normalizing variables form a dimensionless group\r\n%     F = drag force, V = velocity, d = diameter, L = length, rho = density, mu = dynamic viscosity\r\nvars = {'F', 'V', 'd', 'L', 'rho', 'mu'};\r\nindx = [2 3 4];\r\ndims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\r\n        -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\r\n         1  0  0  0   1   1];\r\nPi_correct = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'};\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isnan(a))\r\n\r\n%%  Time for a ball to fall a distance h\r\n%     T = time, g = acceleration of gravity, h = distance, m = mass of ball\r\nvars = {'T', 'g', 'h', 'm'};\r\nindx = 2:4;\r\ndims = [ 0  1  1  0;\r\n         1 -2  0  0;\r\n         0  0  0  1];\r\nPi_correct = {'T g^{1/2} h^{-1/2}'};\r\na_correct  = [0.5 -0.5 0]';\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Period of a pendulum with small amplitude\r\n%     T = period, L = length of pendulum, g = acceleration of gravity\r\nvars = {'T', 'L', 'g'};\r\nindx = 2:3;\r\ndims = [ 0  1  1;\r\n         1  0 -2];\r\nPi_correct = {'T L^{-1/2} g^{1/2}'};\r\na_correct  = [-0.5 0.5]';\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Period of a pendulum with finite amplitude\r\n%     T = period, L = length of pendulum, g = acceleration of gravity, theta0 = initial amplitude\r\nvars = {'T', 'L', 'g', 'theta0'};\r\nindx = 2:3;\r\ndims = [ 0  1  1 0;\r\n         1  0 -2 0];\r\nPi_correct = {'T L^{-1/2} g^{1/2}', 'theta0'};\r\na_correct  = [-0.5 0;\r\n               0.5 0];\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Stokes first problem: flow induced by an impulsively started plate bounded a semi-infinite viscous fluid\r\n%     u = fluid velocity, U = plate velocity, y = distance from plate, t = time, nu = kinematic viscosity\r\nvars = {'u', 'U', 'y', 't', 'nu'};\r\nindx = 3:4;\r\ndims = [ 1  1  1  0  2;\r\n        -1 -1  0  1 -1];\r\nPi_correct = {'u y^{-1} t', 'U y^{-1} t', 'nu y^{-2} t'};\r\na_correct  = [-1  -1  -2\r\n               1   1   1];\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Kepler's 3rd law for a planet whose mass is much smaller than the Sun's mass\r\n%      T = orbital period, r = semi-major axis of the orbit, G = gravitational constant, M = mass of Sun\r\nvars = {'T' 'r' 'G' 'M'};\r\nindx = 2:4;\r\ndims = [ 0  1  3  0; \r\n         1  0 -2  0; \r\n         0  0 -1  1];\r\nPi_correct = {'T r^{-3/2} G^{1/2} M^{1/2}'};\r\na_correct  = [-1.5 0.5 0.5]';\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isequal(a,a_correct))\r\n\r\n%%  Kepler's 3rd law--too few normalizing variables\r\n%      T = orbital period, r = semi-major axis of the orbit, G = gravitational constant, M = mass of Sun\r\nvars = {'T' 'r' 'G' 'M'};\r\nindx = 2:3;\r\ndims = [ 0  1 -1  0; \r\n         1  0 -2  0; \r\n         0  0 -1  1];\r\nPi_correct = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'};\r\n[Pi,a] = dimAnalysis(vars,dims,indx);\r\nassert(isequal(Pi,Pi_correct))\r\nassert(isnan(a))","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":1,"comments_count":0,"created_by":46909,"edited_by":null,"edited_at":null,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":4,"test_suite_updated_at":"2020-07-07T17:45:44.000Z","rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2020-07-05T14:44:00.000Z","updated_at":"2020-07-30T17:53:02.000Z","published_at":"2020-07-05T23:53:11.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":false,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSummary\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eWrite a function to construct dimensionless parameters from a list of variables, a matrix indicating their dimensions, and a vector identifying the variables to use to make the other variables dimensionless. More details are given in \\\"Problem statement\\\" below.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIntroduction\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eDimensional analysis and the Buckingham \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e theorem\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_π_theorem\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eBuckingham π theorem\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e is a key result exploited in\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003edimensional analysis\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. It states that if a problem involves\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"m\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003em\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e variables and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"n\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003en\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e physical dimensions (e.g., length, time, mass), then the problem can be described with\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"m-n\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003em-n\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e dimensionless groups, called \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e groups. In\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_π_theorem\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eother words\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, the \\\"physics does not depend on a specific unit system\\\".\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eTo find the dimensionless groups, we follow these steps:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eChoose\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"n\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003en\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e variables that cannot form a dimensionless group by themselves\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eForm the product of one of the remaining\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"m-n\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003em-n\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e variables with the variables in step 1, each raised to different exponents\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eDetermine the exponents that would make the product (or group) dimensionless\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eRepeat steps 2 and 3 for the remaining variables\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eExample\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSuppose we are interested in the drag\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"F\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eF\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e (i.e., a force) on a cylinder of length\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"L\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eL\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and diameter\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e immersed in a fluid of density\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"rho\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rho\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and dynamic viscosity\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"mu\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\mu\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e flowing at velocity\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"V\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eV\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e. Because the problem involves 6 variables and 3 dimensions (length, time, and mass), it can be described with 3 dimensionless groups. For step 1 above, choose\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"V\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eV\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"rho\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rho\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e. We could choose other lists of 3, but notice that we could not choose\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"V\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eV\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"L\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eL\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e because\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"L\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eL\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e form a dimensionless group themselves (and we have no way of removing mass dimensions.)\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eFor step 2, start with the drag\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eF\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e. Following the step, we get\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e       \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"true\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi_1 = F V^{a1} d^{a2} rho^{a3}\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_1 = F V^{a_1} d^{a_2} \\\\rho^{a3}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ewhere\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea1\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea2\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea3\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e are exponents. Because \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_1\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e must be dimensionless and because the dimensionless of\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"F\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eF\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"V\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eV\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ed\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"rho\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rho\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e are \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"ML/T^2\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rm ML/T^2\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, L/T, L, and \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"false\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"M/L^3\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\rm M/L^3\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, respectively, we can solve a system of three equations to find the exponents and write\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e       \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"true\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi1 = F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_1 = F V^{-2}d^{-2}\\\\rho^{-1}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ewhich is related to a quantity in fluid mechanics called the drag coefficient. We then repeat steps 2 and 3 with the two remaining variables and find\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e       \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"true\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi2 = L/d\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_2 = L d^{-1}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eand\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e       \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:customXml w:element=\\\"equation\\\"\u003e\u003cw:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"displayStyle\\\" w:val=\\\"true\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:attr w:name=\\\"altTextString\\\" w:val=\\\"pi3 = mu/(V d rho)\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:customXmlPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\\\\pi_3 = \\\\mu V^{-1} d^{-1} \\\\rho^{-1}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:customXml\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eor a geometric ratio and the inverse of the\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eReynolds number\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eProblem statement\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eWrite a function that constructs dimensionless parameters from a cell array\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003evars\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e with the variable names, a matrix\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003edims\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e with the exponents for the dimensions in rows (length, time, mass) for each variable in the columns, and a vector\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eindx\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e indicating the variables chosen in step 1 above. The function should return a cell array\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ePi\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e with the dimensionless groups in strings and a vector\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e of size\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003em x m-n\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e with the exponents of the normalizing variables. For the example above, the input could be specified as\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"code\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c![CDATA[ vars = {'F', 'V', 'd', 'L', 'rho', 'mu'};\\n indx = [2 3 5];\\n dims = [ 1  1  1  1  -3  -1;\\n         -2 -1  0  0   0  -1;\\n          1  0  0  0   1   1];]]\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eand the output would be\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"code\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c![CDATA[ Pi = {'F V^{-2} d^{-2} rho^{-1}', 'L d^{-1}', 'mu V^{-1} d^{-1} rho^{-1}'} \\n a  = [-2   0  -1;\\n       -2  -1  -1;\\n       -1   0  -1]]]\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eFurther specifications:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the variables chosen in\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eindx\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e will not work (i.e., the number is incorrect or some form a dimensionless group themselves), return\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ea = NaN\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:rFonts w:cs=\\\"monospace\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ePi = {'Error in choosing normalizing variables'}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is zero, omit the variable from the string.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is one, keep the variable but do not show the exponent.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent of a variable is a positive integer, indicate it with a caret (^) and no braces.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent is anything else, indicate it with a caret and braces.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eIf the exponent is not an integer, express it as a fraction. 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