{"group":{"id":1,"name":"Community","lockable":false,"created_at":"2012-01-18T18:02:15.000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-06T14:01:22.000Z","description":"Problems submitted by members of the MATLAB Central community.","is_default":true,"created_by":161519,"badge_id":null,"featured":false,"trending":false,"solution_count_in_trending_period":0,"trending_last_calculated":"2026-04-06T00:00:00.000Z","image_id":null,"published":true,"community_created":false,"status_id":2,"is_default_group_for_player":false,"deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"restored_by":null,"restored_at":null,"description_opc":null,"description_html":null,"published_at":null},"problems":[{"id":2316,"title":"Spin Matrices","description":"The spin of a particle is a fundamental property in quantum physics. We shall inspect below matrix representations of such spin operators.\r\nSuppose you have integer or half-integer spin of value s. The matrices Sx, Sy and Sz representing it have the following properties:\r\nSi (with i={x,y,z}) are traceless Hermitian matrices;\r\nCommutation relations (a): [ Si,Sj ] = i εijk Sk, where [·,·] is the commutator and εijk is the Levi-Civita symbol.\r\nCommutation relations (b): [ Si,S² ] = 0, where S² = Sx²+Sy²+Sz²;\r\nEigenvalues: S² = j(j+1)·I and Sz = diag( -j/2, -j/2+1, … ,j/2-1, j ), where I is the identity matrix.\r\nSee also this article for more reference.\r\nExamples\r\n [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(1/2)\r\n\r\n Sx = \r\n     0      0.5\r\n     0.5    0\r\n\r\n Sy = \r\n     0     -0.5i\r\n     0.5i   0\r\n\r\n Sz = \r\n     0.5    0\r\n     0     -0.5\r\nNote:\r\nThe usual cheats are not allowed!","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.4333px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 592.367px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 407px 296.183px; transform-origin: 407px 296.183px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 384px 8px; transform-origin: 384px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe spin of a particle is a fundamental property in quantum physics. We shall inspect below matrix representations of such spin operators.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 171.5px 8px; transform-origin: 171.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eSuppose you have integer or half-integer spin of value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 3.5px 8px; transform-origin: 3.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 45px 8px; transform-origin: 45px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e. The matrices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.5px 8px; transform-origin: 7.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 8px 8px; transform-origin: 8px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 8px; transform-origin: 14px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 8px 8px; transform-origin: 8px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSz\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 108px 8px; transform-origin: 108px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e representing it have the following properties:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cul style=\"block-size: 81.7333px; counter-reset: list-item 0; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 40.8667px; transform-origin: 391px 40.8667px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; \"\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 6px 8px; transform-origin: 6px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 16.5px 8px; transform-origin: 16.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e (with\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8px; transform-origin: 24px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ei={x,y,z}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 15px 8px; transform-origin: 15px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e) are\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003etraceless\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eHermitian matrices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 87.5px 8px; transform-origin: 87.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eCommutation relations (a): [\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 8px; transform-origin: 14px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSi,Sj\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.5px 8px; transform-origin: 13.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e ] = i\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 20.5px 8px; transform-origin: 20.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eεijk Sk\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 55px 8px; transform-origin: 55px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, where [·,·] is the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003ecommutator\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 8px; transform-origin: 14px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 10px 8px; transform-origin: 10px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eεijk\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 19px 8px; transform-origin: 19px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e is the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eLevi-Civita symbol\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 87.5px 8px; transform-origin: 87.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eCommutation relations (b): [\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 15px 8px; transform-origin: 15px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSi,S²\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 39px 8px; transform-origin: 39px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e ] = 0, where\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 7px 8px; transform-origin: 7px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eS²\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 6px 8px; transform-origin: 6px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e =\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 39px 8px; transform-origin: 39px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSx²+Sy²+Sz²\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 40.5px 8px; transform-origin: 40.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eEigenvalues:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 7px 8px; transform-origin: 7px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eS²\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 6px 8px; transform-origin: 6px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e =\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 20.5px 8px; transform-origin: 20.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ej(j+1)·I\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 8px; transform-origin: 14px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 8px 8px; transform-origin: 8px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSz\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8px; transform-origin: 24px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e = diag(\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 66.5px 8px; transform-origin: 66.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003e-j/2, -j/2+1, … ,j/2-1, j\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 27.5px 8px; transform-origin: 27.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e ), where\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 66px 8px; transform-origin: 66px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e is the identity matrix.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 27.5px 8px; transform-origin: 27.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eSee also\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003ethis article\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 63px 8px; transform-origin: 63px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e for more reference.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 33.5px 8px; transform-origin: 33.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eExamples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); block-size: 265.633px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-end-end-radius: 4px; border-end-start-radius: 4px; border-start-end-radius: 4px; border-start-start-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; margin-block-end: 10px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-inline-end: 3px; margin-inline-start: 3px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 404px 132.817px; transform-origin: 404px 132.817px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 3px; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 128px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 128px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(1/2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 0px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 24px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e Sx = \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 60px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 60px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0      0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 52px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 52px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0.5    0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 0px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 24px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e Sy = \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 64px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 64px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0     -0.5i\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 52px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 52px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0.5i   0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 0px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 24px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e Sz = \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 52px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 52px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0.5    0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 60px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 60px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0     -0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 18.5px 8px; transform-origin: 18.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eNote:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 54.5px 8px; transform-origin: 54.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe usual cheats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 25px 8px; transform-origin: 25px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eare not\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 28px 8px; transform-origin: 28px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e allowed!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(s)\r\n  [Sx,Sy,Sz] = deal(s);\r\nend","test_suite":"%%\r\nuser_solution = fileread('spin_matrices.m');\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'regexp')));\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'num2str')));\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'interp')));\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'fprintf')));\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'assert')));\r\n\r\n%%\r\n% use auxiliary functions\r\niseq = @(x,y)norm(x-y)\u003c=64*eps; % check if equal up to 64 eps\r\ncom  = @(x,y)x*y-y*x;           % commutator\r\ntrace= @(x)  sum(diag(x));      % trace\r\n%\r\nfprintf('Testing...\\n')\r\nfor s = 1/2:1/2:5,\r\n   % Get the matrices\r\n   fprintf('\\ts=%-3s : ',strtrim(rats(s)));\r\n   [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(s);\r\n   %\r\n   % ancillary parameters\r\n   mz   = (-s:s)';                            % eigenvalues\r\n   S2   = Sx^2+Sy^2+Sz^2;                     % S^2 matrix\r\n   %\r\n   assert(trace(Sx)==0\u0026\u0026iseq(Sx,Sx'),'Sx must be a traceless Hermitian matrix');\r\n   assert(trace(Sy)==0\u0026\u0026iseq(Sy,Sy'),'Sy must be a traceless Hermitian matrix');\r\n   assert(trace(Sz)==0\u0026\u0026iseq(Sz,Sz'),'Sz must be a traceless Hermitian matrix');\r\n   %\r\n   % actual values\r\n   assert(iseq(com(Sx,Sy),1i*Sz), 'Commutation relations: [Sx,Sy] = i*Sz')\r\n   assert(iseq(com(Sy,Sz),1i*Sx), 'Commutation relations: [Sy,Sz] = i*Sx')\r\n   assert(iseq(com(Sz,Sx),1i*Sy), 'Commutation relations: [Sz,Sx] = i*Sy')\r\n   %\r\n   assert(iseq(S2,s*(s+1)*eye(2*s+1)), 'S^2 must be a quantum number!');\r\n   assert(iseq(eig(Sz),mz),            'Sz must be a quantum number!');\r\n   %\r\n   fprintf('OK!\\n');\r\nend\r\n%\r\nfprintf('\\n \\nWolfgang Pauli would be proud!\\n')\r\n%","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":3,"comments_count":3,"created_by":10352,"edited_by":223089,"edited_at":"2022-08-20T10:34:48.000Z","deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":9,"test_suite_updated_at":"2014-05-11T14:57:22.000Z","rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2014-05-11T11:28:29.000Z","updated_at":"2024-11-18T01:26:43.000Z","published_at":"2014-05-11T14:54:32.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe spin of a particle is a fundamental property in quantum physics. We shall inspect below matrix representations of such spin operators.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSuppose you have integer or half-integer spin of value\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003es\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e. The matrices\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSx\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSy\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSz\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e representing it have the following properties:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSi\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e (with\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ei={x,y,z}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e) are\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003etraceless\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eHermitian matrices\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e;\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eCommutation relations (a): [\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSi,Sj\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e ] = i\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eεijk Sk\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, where [·,·] is the\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ecommutator\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eεijk\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e is the\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eLevi-Civita symbol\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eCommutation relations (b): [\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSi,S²\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e ] = 0, where\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eS²\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e =\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSx²+Sy²+Sz²\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e;\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eEigenvalues:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eS²\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e =\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ej(j+1)·I\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSz\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e = diag(\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e-j/2, -j/2+1, … ,j/2-1, j\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e ), where\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eI\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e is the identity matrix.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSee also\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ethis article\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e for more reference.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eExamples\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"code\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c![CDATA[ [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(1/2)\\n\\n Sx = \\n     0      0.5\\n     0.5    0\\n\\n Sy = \\n     0     -0.5i\\n     0.5i   0\\n\\n Sz = \\n     0.5    0\\n     0     -0.5]]\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eNote:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe usual cheats\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eare not\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e allowed!\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"}],"problem_search":{"errors":[],"problems":[{"id":2316,"title":"Spin Matrices","description":"The spin of a particle is a fundamental property in quantum physics. We shall inspect below matrix representations of such spin operators.\r\nSuppose you have integer or half-integer spin of value s. The matrices Sx, Sy and Sz representing it have the following properties:\r\nSi (with i={x,y,z}) are traceless Hermitian matrices;\r\nCommutation relations (a): [ Si,Sj ] = i εijk Sk, where [·,·] is the commutator and εijk is the Levi-Civita symbol.\r\nCommutation relations (b): [ Si,S² ] = 0, where S² = Sx²+Sy²+Sz²;\r\nEigenvalues: S² = j(j+1)·I and Sz = diag( -j/2, -j/2+1, … ,j/2-1, j ), where I is the identity matrix.\r\nSee also this article for more reference.\r\nExamples\r\n [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(1/2)\r\n\r\n Sx = \r\n     0      0.5\r\n     0.5    0\r\n\r\n Sy = \r\n     0     -0.5i\r\n     0.5i   0\r\n\r\n Sz = \r\n     0.5    0\r\n     0     -0.5\r\nNote:\r\nThe usual cheats are not allowed!","description_html":"\u003cdiv style = \"text-align: start; line-height: 20.4333px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 592.367px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 407px 296.183px; transform-origin: 407px 296.183px; vertical-align: baseline; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 384px 8px; transform-origin: 384px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe spin of a particle is a fundamental property in quantum physics. We shall inspect below matrix representations of such spin operators.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 171.5px 8px; transform-origin: 171.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eSuppose you have integer or half-integer spin of value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 3.5px 8px; transform-origin: 3.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 45px 8px; transform-origin: 45px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e. The matrices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 7.5px 8px; transform-origin: 7.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 8px 8px; transform-origin: 8px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 8px; transform-origin: 14px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 8px 8px; transform-origin: 8px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSz\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 108px 8px; transform-origin: 108px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e representing it have the following properties:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cul style=\"block-size: 81.7333px; counter-reset: list-item 0; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 40.8667px; transform-origin: 391px 40.8667px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; \"\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 6px 8px; transform-origin: 6px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 16.5px 8px; transform-origin: 16.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e (with\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8px; transform-origin: 24px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ei={x,y,z}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 15px 8px; transform-origin: 15px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e) are\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003etraceless\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eHermitian matrices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 87.5px 8px; transform-origin: 87.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eCommutation relations (a): [\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 8px; transform-origin: 14px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSi,Sj\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 13.5px 8px; transform-origin: 13.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e ] = i\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 20.5px 8px; transform-origin: 20.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eεijk Sk\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 55px 8px; transform-origin: 55px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e, where [·,·] is the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003ecommutator\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 8px; transform-origin: 14px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 10px 8px; transform-origin: 10px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eεijk\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 19px 8px; transform-origin: 19px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e is the\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eLevi-Civita symbol\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 87.5px 8px; transform-origin: 87.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eCommutation relations (b): [\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 15px 8px; transform-origin: 15px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSi,S²\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 39px 8px; transform-origin: 39px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e ] = 0, where\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 7px 8px; transform-origin: 7px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eS²\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 6px 8px; transform-origin: 6px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e =\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 39px 8px; transform-origin: 39px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSx²+Sy²+Sz²\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli style=\"block-size: 20.4333px; counter-reset: none; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2167px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2167px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 40.5px 8px; transform-origin: 40.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eEigenvalues:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 7px 8px; transform-origin: 7px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eS²\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 6px 8px; transform-origin: 6px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e =\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 20.5px 8px; transform-origin: 20.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003ej(j+1)·I\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 14px 8px; transform-origin: 14px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 8px 8px; transform-origin: 8px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eSz\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8px; transform-origin: 24px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e = diag(\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 66.5px 8px; transform-origin: 66.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003e-j/2, -j/2+1, … ,j/2-1, j\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 27.5px 8px; transform-origin: 27.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e ), where\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-style: italic; \"\u003eI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 66px 8px; transform-origin: 66px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e is the identity matrix.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 27.5px 8px; transform-origin: 27.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eSee also\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca target='_blank' href = \"/#null\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003ethis article\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 63px 8px; transform-origin: 63px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e for more reference.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 33.5px 8px; transform-origin: 33.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eExamples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); block-size: 265.633px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-end-end-radius: 4px; border-end-start-radius: 4px; border-start-end-radius: 4px; border-start-start-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; margin-block-end: 10px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-inline-end: 3px; margin-inline-start: 3px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 404px 132.817px; transform-origin: 404px 132.817px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 3px; \"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 128px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 128px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(1/2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 0px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 24px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e Sx = \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 60px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 60px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0      0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 52px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 52px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0.5    0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 0px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 24px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e Sy = \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 64px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 64px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0     -0.5i\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 52px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 52px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0.5i   0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 0px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 24px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 24px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e Sz = \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 52px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 52px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0.5    0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); block-size: 20.4333px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2167px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2167px; white-space: nowrap; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 60px 8.5px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 60px 8.5px; unicode-bidi: normal; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; \"\u003e     0     -0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 18.5px 8px; transform-origin: 18.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eNote:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 54.5px 8px; transform-origin: 54.5px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003eThe usual cheats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 2px 8px; transform-origin: 2px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 25px 8px; transform-origin: 25px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 700; \"\u003eare not\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 28px 8px; transform-origin: 28px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; \"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"\"\u003e allowed!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","function_template":"function [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(s)\r\n  [Sx,Sy,Sz] = deal(s);\r\nend","test_suite":"%%\r\nuser_solution = fileread('spin_matrices.m');\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'regexp')));\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'num2str')));\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'interp')));\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'fprintf')));\r\nassert(isempty(strfind(user_solution,'assert')));\r\n\r\n%%\r\n% use auxiliary functions\r\niseq = @(x,y)norm(x-y)\u003c=64*eps; % check if equal up to 64 eps\r\ncom  = @(x,y)x*y-y*x;           % commutator\r\ntrace= @(x)  sum(diag(x));      % trace\r\n%\r\nfprintf('Testing...\\n')\r\nfor s = 1/2:1/2:5,\r\n   % Get the matrices\r\n   fprintf('\\ts=%-3s : ',strtrim(rats(s)));\r\n   [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(s);\r\n   %\r\n   % ancillary parameters\r\n   mz   = (-s:s)';                            % eigenvalues\r\n   S2   = Sx^2+Sy^2+Sz^2;                     % S^2 matrix\r\n   %\r\n   assert(trace(Sx)==0\u0026\u0026iseq(Sx,Sx'),'Sx must be a traceless Hermitian matrix');\r\n   assert(trace(Sy)==0\u0026\u0026iseq(Sy,Sy'),'Sy must be a traceless Hermitian matrix');\r\n   assert(trace(Sz)==0\u0026\u0026iseq(Sz,Sz'),'Sz must be a traceless Hermitian matrix');\r\n   %\r\n   % actual values\r\n   assert(iseq(com(Sx,Sy),1i*Sz), 'Commutation relations: [Sx,Sy] = i*Sz')\r\n   assert(iseq(com(Sy,Sz),1i*Sx), 'Commutation relations: [Sy,Sz] = i*Sx')\r\n   assert(iseq(com(Sz,Sx),1i*Sy), 'Commutation relations: [Sz,Sx] = i*Sy')\r\n   %\r\n   assert(iseq(S2,s*(s+1)*eye(2*s+1)), 'S^2 must be a quantum number!');\r\n   assert(iseq(eig(Sz),mz),            'Sz must be a quantum number!');\r\n   %\r\n   fprintf('OK!\\n');\r\nend\r\n%\r\nfprintf('\\n \\nWolfgang Pauli would be proud!\\n')\r\n%","published":true,"deleted":false,"likes_count":3,"comments_count":3,"created_by":10352,"edited_by":223089,"edited_at":"2022-08-20T10:34:48.000Z","deleted_by":null,"deleted_at":null,"solvers_count":9,"test_suite_updated_at":"2014-05-11T14:57:22.000Z","rescore_all_solutions":false,"group_id":1,"created_at":"2014-05-11T11:28:29.000Z","updated_at":"2024-11-18T01:26:43.000Z","published_at":"2014-05-11T14:54:32.000Z","restored_at":null,"restored_by":null,"spam":null,"simulink":false,"admin_reviewed":false,"description_opc":"{\"parts\":[{\"partUri\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"contentType\":\"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml\",\"content\":\"\u003c?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?\u003e\u003cw:document xmlns:w=\\\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\\\"\u003e\u003cw:body\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe spin of a particle is a fundamental property in quantum physics. We shall inspect below matrix representations of such spin operators.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSuppose you have integer or half-integer spin of value\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003es\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e. The matrices\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSx\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e,\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSy\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSz\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e representing it have the following properties:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSi\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e (with\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ei={x,y,z}\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e) are\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003etraceless\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eHermitian matrices\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e;\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eCommutation relations (a): [\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSi,Sj\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e ] = i\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eεijk Sk\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e, where [·,·] is the\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ecommutator\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eεijk\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e is the\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eLevi-Civita symbol\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eCommutation relations (b): [\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSi,S²\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e ] = 0, where\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eS²\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e =\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSx²+Sy²+Sz²\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e;\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"ListParagraph\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:numPr\u003e\u003cw:numId w:val=\\\"1\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:numPr\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eEigenvalues:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eS²\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e =\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ej(j+1)·I\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e and\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSz\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e = diag(\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e-j/2, -j/2+1, … ,j/2-1, j\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e ), where\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:i/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eI\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e is the identity matrix.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eSee also\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:hyperlink w:docLocation=\\\"\\\"\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003ethis article\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:hyperlink\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e for more reference.\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eExamples\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"code\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e\u003c![CDATA[ [Sx,Sy,Sz] = spin_matrices(1/2)\\n\\n Sx = \\n     0      0.5\\n     0.5    0\\n\\n Sy = \\n     0     -0.5i\\n     0.5i   0\\n\\n Sz = \\n     0.5    0\\n     0     -0.5]]\u003e\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eNote:\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003cw:p\u003e\u003cw:pPr\u003e\u003cw:pStyle w:val=\\\"text\\\"/\u003e\u003cw:jc w:val=\\\"left\\\"/\u003e\u003c/w:pPr\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eThe usual cheats\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e \u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:rPr\u003e\u003cw:b/\u003e\u003c/w:rPr\u003e\u003cw:t\u003eare not\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003cw:r\u003e\u003cw:t\u003e allowed!\u003c/w:t\u003e\u003c/w:r\u003e\u003c/w:p\u003e\u003c/w:body\u003e\u003c/w:document\u003e\",\"relationship\":null}],\"relationships\":[{\"relationshipType\":\"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document\",\"target\":\"/matlab/document.xml\",\"relationshipId\":\"rId1\"}]}"}],"term":"tag:\"spin\"","current_player_id":null,"fields":[{"name":"page","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":1,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":null,"static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"per_page","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":50,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":null,"static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"sort","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":null,"static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"body","type":"text","callback":null,"default":"*:*","directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":false},{"name":"group","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"group","facet":true,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"difficulty_rating_bin","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"difficulty_rating_bin","facet":true,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"id","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"id","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"tag","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"tag","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"product","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"product","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"created_at","type":"timeframe","callback":{},"default":null,"directive":"created_at","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"profile_id","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"author_id","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"created_by","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"author","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"player_id","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"solver_id","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"player","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"solver","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"solvers_count","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"solvers_count","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"comments_count","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"comments_count","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"likes_count","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"likes_count","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"leader_id","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"leader_id","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true},{"name":"leading_solution","type":"integer","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":"leading_solution","facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"term","static":null,"prepend":true}],"filters":[{"name":"asset_type","type":"string","callback":null,"default":null,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":null,"static":"\"cody:problem\"","prepend":true},{"name":"profile_id","type":"integer","callback":{},"default":null,"directive":null,"facet":null,"facet_method":"and","operator":null,"param":"author_id","static":null,"prepend":true}],"query":{"params":{"per_page":50,"term":"tag:\"spin\"","current_player":null,"sort":"map(difficulty_value,0,0,999) 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