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yamnet

(Not recommended) YAMNet neural network

Since R2020b

    yamnet is not recommended. Use the audioPretrainedNetwork (Audio Toolbox) function instead.

    Description

    example

    net = yamnet returns a pretrained YAMNet model.

    This function requires both Audio Toolbox™ and Deep Learning Toolbox™.

    Examples

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    Download and unzip the Audio Toolbox™ model for YAMNet.

    Type yamnet at the Command Window. If the Audio Toolbox model for YAMNet is not installed, then the function provides a link to the location of the network weights. To download the model, click the link. Unzip the file to a location on the MATLAB path.

    Alternatively, execute the following commands to download and unzip the YAMNet model to your temporary directory.

    downloadFolder = fullfile(tempdir,'YAMNetDownload');
    loc = websave(downloadFolder,'https://ssd.mathworks.com/supportfiles/audio/yamnet.zip');
    YAMNetLocation = tempdir;
    unzip(loc,YAMNetLocation)
    addpath(fullfile(YAMNetLocation,'yamnet'))

    Check that the installation is successful by typing yamnet at the Command Window. If the network is installed, then the function returns a SeriesNetwork object.

    yamnet
    ans = 
      SeriesNetwork with properties:
    
             Layers: [86×1 nnet.cnn.layer.Layer]
         InputNames: {'input_1'}
        OutputNames: {'Sound'}
    
    

    Load a pretrained YAMNet convolutional neural network and examine the layers and classes.

    Use yamnet to load the pretrained YAMNet network. The output net is a SeriesNetwork object.

    net = yamnet
    net = 
      SeriesNetwork with properties:
    
             Layers: [86×1 nnet.cnn.layer.Layer]
         InputNames: {'input_1'}
        OutputNames: {'Sound'}
    
    

    View the network architecture using the Layers property. The network has 86 layers. There are 28 layers with learnable weights: 27 convolutional layers, and 1 fully connected layer.

    net.Layers
    ans = 
      86x1 Layer array with layers:
    
         1   'input_1'                    Image Input              96×64×1 images
         2   'conv2d'                     Convolution              32 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [2  2] and padding 'same'
         3   'b'                          Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 32 channels
         4   'activation'                 ReLU                     ReLU
         5   'depthwise_conv2d'           Grouped Convolution      32 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
         6   'L11'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 32 channels
         7   'activation_1'               ReLU                     ReLU
         8   'conv2d_1'                   Convolution              64 1×1×32 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
         9   'L12'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 64 channels
        10   'activation_2'               ReLU                     ReLU
        11   'depthwise_conv2d_1'         Grouped Convolution      64 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [2  2] and padding 'same'
        12   'L21'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 64 channels
        13   'activation_3'               ReLU                     ReLU
        14   'conv2d_2'                   Convolution              128 1×1×64 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        15   'L22'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 128 channels
        16   'activation_4'               ReLU                     ReLU
        17   'depthwise_conv2d_2'         Grouped Convolution      128 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        18   'L31'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 128 channels
        19   'activation_5'               ReLU                     ReLU
        20   'conv2d_3'                   Convolution              128 1×1×128 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        21   'L32'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 128 channels
        22   'activation_6'               ReLU                     ReLU
        23   'depthwise_conv2d_3'         Grouped Convolution      128 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [2  2] and padding 'same'
        24   'L41'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 128 channels
        25   'activation_7'               ReLU                     ReLU
        26   'conv2d_4'                   Convolution              256 1×1×128 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        27   'L42'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 256 channels
        28   'activation_8'               ReLU                     ReLU
        29   'depthwise_conv2d_4'         Grouped Convolution      256 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        30   'L51'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 256 channels
        31   'activation_9'               ReLU                     ReLU
        32   'conv2d_5'                   Convolution              256 1×1×256 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        33   'L52'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 256 channels
        34   'activation_10'              ReLU                     ReLU
        35   'depthwise_conv2d_5'         Grouped Convolution      256 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [2  2] and padding 'same'
        36   'L61'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 256 channels
        37   'activation_11'              ReLU                     ReLU
        38   'conv2d_6'                   Convolution              512 1×1×256 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        39   'L62'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        40   'activation_12'              ReLU                     ReLU
        41   'depthwise_conv2d_6'         Grouped Convolution      512 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        42   'L71'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        43   'activation_13'              ReLU                     ReLU
        44   'conv2d_7'                   Convolution              512 1×1×512 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        45   'L72'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        46   'activation_14'              ReLU                     ReLU
        47   'depthwise_conv2d_7'         Grouped Convolution      512 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        48   'L81'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        49   'activation_15'              ReLU                     ReLU
        50   'conv2d_8'                   Convolution              512 1×1×512 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        51   'L82'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        52   'activation_16'              ReLU                     ReLU
        53   'depthwise_conv2d_8'         Grouped Convolution      512 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        54   'L91'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        55   'activation_17'              ReLU                     ReLU
        56   'conv2d_9'                   Convolution              512 1×1×512 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        57   'L92'                        Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        58   'activation_18'              ReLU                     ReLU
        59   'depthwise_conv2d_9'         Grouped Convolution      512 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        60   'L101'                       Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        61   'activation_19'              ReLU                     ReLU
        62   'conv2d_10'                  Convolution              512 1×1×512 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        63   'L102'                       Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        64   'activation_20'              ReLU                     ReLU
        65   'depthwise_conv2d_10'        Grouped Convolution      512 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        66   'L111'                       Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        67   'activation_21'              ReLU                     ReLU
        68   'conv2d_11'                  Convolution              512 1×1×512 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        69   'L112'                       Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        70   'activation_22'              ReLU                     ReLU
        71   'depthwise_conv2d_11'        Grouped Convolution      512 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [2  2] and padding 'same'
        72   'L121'                       Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 512 channels
        73   'activation_23'              ReLU                     ReLU
        74   'conv2d_12'                  Convolution              1024 1×1×512 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        75   'L122'                       Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 1024 channels
        76   'activation_24'              ReLU                     ReLU
        77   'depthwise_conv2d_12'        Grouped Convolution      1024 groups of 1 3×3×1 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        78   'L131'                       Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 1024 channels
        79   'activation_25'              ReLU                     ReLU
        80   'conv2d_13'                  Convolution              1024 1×1×1024 convolutions with stride [1  1] and padding 'same'
        81   'L132'                       Batch Normalization      Batch normalization with 1024 channels
        82   'activation_26'              ReLU                     ReLU
        83   'global_average_pooling2d'   Global Average Pooling   Global average pooling
        84   'dense'                      Fully Connected          521 fully connected layer
        85   'softmax'                    Softmax                  softmax
        86   'Sound'                      Classification Output    crossentropyex with 'Speech' and 520 other classes
    

    To view the names of the classes learned by the network, you can view the Classes property of the classification output layer (the final layer). View the first 10 classes by specifying the first 10 elements.

    net.Layers(end).Classes(1:10)
    ans = 10×1 categorical
         Speech 
         Child speech, kid speaking 
         Conversation 
         Narration, monologue 
         Babbling 
         Speech synthesizer 
         Shout 
         Bellow 
         Whoop 
         Yell 
    
    

    Use analyzeNetwork to visually explore the network.

    analyzeNetwork(net)

    image.png

    YAMNet was released with a corresponding sound class ontology, which you can explore using the yamnetGraph (Audio Toolbox) object.

    ygraph = yamnetGraph;
    p = plot(ygraph);
    layout(p,'layered')

    The ontology graph plots all 521 possible sound classes. Plot a subgraph of the sounds related to respiratory sounds.

    allRespiratorySounds = dfsearch(ygraph,"Respiratory sounds");
    ygraphSpeech = subgraph(ygraph,allRespiratorySounds);
    plot(ygraphSpeech)

    Read in an audio signal to classify it.

    [audioIn,fs] = audioread("TrainWhistle-16-44p1-mono-9secs.wav");

    Plot and listen to the audio signal.

    t = (0:numel(audioIn)-1)/fs;
    plot(t,audioIn)
    xlabel("Time (s)")
    ylabel("Ampltiude")
    axis tight

    Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel Time (s), ylabel Ampltiude contains an object of type line.

    sound(audioIn,fs)

    YAMNet requires you to preprocess the audio signal to match the input format used to train the network. The preprocesssing steps include resampling the audio signal and computing an array of mel spectrograms. To learn more about mel spectrograms, see melSpectrogram (Audio Toolbox). Use yamnetPreprocess to preprocess the signal and extract the mel spectrograms to be passed to YAMNet. Visualize one of these spectrograms chosen at random.

    spectrograms = yamnetPreprocess(audioIn,fs);
    
    arbitrarySpect = spectrograms(:,:,1,randi(size(spectrograms,4)));
    surf(arbitrarySpect,EdgeColor="none")
    view([90 -90])
    xlabel("Mel Band")
    ylabel("Frame")
    title("Mel Spectrogram for YAMNet")
    axis tight

    Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Mel Spectrogram for YAMNet, xlabel Mel Band, ylabel Frame contains an object of type surface.

    Create a YAMNet neural network using the audioPretrainedNetwork function. Call predict with the network on the preprocessed mel spectrogram images. Convert the network output to class labels using scores2label.

    [net,classNames] = audioPretrainedNetwork("yamnet");
    scores = predict(net,spectrograms);
    classes = scores2label(scores,classNames);

    The classification step returns a label for each of the spectrogram images in the input. Classify the sound as the most frequently occurring label in the output.

    mySound = mode(classes)
    mySound = categorical
         Whistle 
    
    

    Download and unzip the air compressor data set [1]. This data set consists of recordings from air compressors in a healthy state or one of 7 faulty states.

    url = "https://www.mathworks.com/supportfiles/audio/AirCompressorDataset/AirCompressorDataset.zip";
    downloadFolder = fullfile(tempdir,"aircompressordataset");
    datasetLocation = tempdir;
    
    if ~exist(fullfile(tempdir,"AirCompressorDataSet"),"dir")
        loc = websave(downloadFolder,url);
        unzip(loc,fullfile(tempdir,"AirCompressorDataSet"))
    end

    Create an audioDatastore (Audio Toolbox) object to manage the data and split it into train and validation sets.

    ads = audioDatastore(downloadFolder,IncludeSubfolders=true,LabelSource="foldernames");
    
    [adsTrain,adsValidation] = splitEachLabel(ads,0.8,0.2);

    Read an audio file from the datastore and save the sample rate for later use. Reset the datastore to return the read pointer to the beginning of the data set. Listen to the audio signal and plot the signal in the time domain.

    [x,fileInfo] = read(adsTrain);
    fs = fileInfo.SampleRate;
    
    reset(adsTrain)
    
    sound(x,fs)
    
    figure
    t = (0:size(x,1)-1)/fs;
    plot(t,x)
    xlabel("Time (s)")
    title("State = " + string(fileInfo.Label))
    axis tight

    Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title State = Bearing, xlabel Time (s) contains an object of type line.

    Extract Mel spectrograms from the train set using yamnetPreprocess. There are multiple spectrograms for each audio signal. Replicate the labels so that they are in one-to-one correspondence with the spectrograms.

    emptyLabelVector = adsTrain.Labels;
    emptyLabelVector(:) = [];
    
    trainFeatures = [];
    trainLabels = emptyLabelVector;
    while hasdata(adsTrain)
        [audioIn,fileInfo] = read(adsTrain);
        features = yamnetPreprocess(audioIn,fileInfo.SampleRate);
        numSpectrums = size(features,4);
        trainFeatures = cat(4,trainFeatures,features);
        trainLabels = cat(2,trainLabels,repmat(fileInfo.Label,1,numSpectrums));
    end

    Extract features from the validation set and replicate the labels.

    validationFeatures = [];
    validationLabels = emptyLabelVector;
    while hasdata(adsValidation)
        [audioIn,fileInfo] = read(adsValidation);
        features = yamnetPreprocess(audioIn,fileInfo.SampleRate);
        numSpectrums = size(features,4);
        validationFeatures = cat(4,validationFeatures,features);
        validationLabels = cat(2,validationLabels,repmat(fileInfo.Label,1,numSpectrums));
    end

    The air compressor data set has only 8 classes. Call audioPretrainedNetwork with NumClasses set to 8 to load a pretrained YAMNet network with the desired number of output classes for transfer learning.

    classNames = unique(adsTrain.Labels);
    numClasses = numel(classNames);
    
    net = audioPretrainedNetwork("yamnet",NumClasses=numClasses);

    To define training options, use trainingOptions.

    miniBatchSize = 128;
    validationFrequency = floor(numel(trainLabels)/miniBatchSize);
    options = trainingOptions('adam', ...
        InitialLearnRate=3e-4, ...
        MaxEpochs=2, ...
        MiniBatchSize=miniBatchSize, ...
        Shuffle="every-epoch", ...
        Plots="training-progress", ...
        Metrics="accuracy", ...
        Verbose=false, ...
        ValidationData={single(validationFeatures),validationLabels'}, ...
        ValidationFrequency=validationFrequency);

    To train the network, use trainnet.

    airCompressorNet = trainnet(trainFeatures,trainLabels',net,"crossentropy",options);

    Save the trained network to airCompressorNet.mat. You can now use this pre-trained network by loading the airCompressorNet.mat file.

    save airCompressorNet.mat airCompressorNet 

    References

    [1] Verma, Nishchal K., et al. “Intelligent Condition Based Monitoring Using Acoustic Signals for Air Compressors.” IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 65, no. 1, Mar. 2016, pp. 291–309. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1109/TR.2015.2459684.

    Output Arguments

    collapse all

    Pretrained YAMNet neural network, returned as a SeriesNetwork object.

    References

    [1] Gemmeke, Jort F., et al. “Audio Set: An Ontology and Human-Labeled Dataset for Audio Events.” 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, 2017, pp. 776–80. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1109/ICASSP.2017.7952261.

    [2] Hershey, Shawn, et al. “CNN Architectures for Large-Scale Audio Classification.” 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, 2017, pp. 131–35. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1109/ICASSP.2017.7952132.

    Extended Capabilities

    Version History

    Introduced in R2020b

    See Also

    Apps

    Blocks

    Functions