ctrvmeas

Measurement function for constant turn-rate and velocity-magnitude motion model

Since R2024b

Syntax

measurement = ctrvmeas(state)

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,frame)

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,frame,sensorpos)

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,frame,sensorpos,sensorvel)

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,frame,sensorpos,sensorvel,laxes)

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,measurementParameters)

[measurement,bounds] = ctrvmeas(___)

Description

measurement = ctrvmeas(state) returns the expected measurement for a state based on the constant turn-rate and velocity-magnitude motion model. The state argument specifies the current state.

Note

ctrvmeas represents velocity in the xy-plane with velocity magnitude and direction. For the measurement function for constant turn-rate and velocity-magnitude motion model using Cartesian components, Vx and Vy, see ctmeas.

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,frame) also specifies the measurement coordinate system, frame.

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,frame,sensorpos) also specifies the sensor position, sensorpos.

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,frame,sensorpos,sensorvel) also specifies the sensor velocity, sensorvel.

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,frame,sensorpos,sensorvel,laxes) also specifies the local sensor axes orientation, laxes.

measurement = ctrvmeas(state,measurementParameters) specifies the measurement parameters, measurementParameters.

[measurement,bounds] = ctrvmeas(___) returns the measurement bounds used by a tracking filter (trackingEKF, trackingUKF, trackingCKF,trackingIMM, trackingMSCEKF, or trackingGSF) in residual calculations. See the HasMeasurementWrapping property of the filter object for more details.

Examples

Measure State Using Constant Turn-Rate and Velocity-Magnitude Motion in Rectangular Frame

Define the state of an object in 2-D motion with constant turn rate and constant velocity magnitude. The state includes the position in each dimension, the velocity magnitude, the course direction, and the turn rate. Measurements are in rectangular coordinates, and the z-component of the measurement is zero.

state = [1;10;2;20;5];
measurement = ctrvmeas(state)

measurement = 3×1

     1
    10
     0

Measure State Using Constant Turn-Rate and Velocity-Magnitude Motion in Spherical Frame

Define the state of an object in 3-D motion with constant turn rate and constant velocity magnitude. The state includes the position in each dimension, the velocity magnitude, the course direction, and the turn rate. Measurements are in spherical coordinates. The elevation of the measurement is zero and the range rate is positive indicating that the object is moving away from the sensor.

state = [1;10;2;20;5;1.5;0];
measurement = ctrvmeas(state,'spherical')

measurement = 4×1

   84.2894
    8.4890
   10.1612
    0.8581

Measure State Using Constant Turn-Rate and Velocity-Magnitude Motion in Translated Spherical Frame

Define the state of an object in 2-D motion with constant turn rate and constant velocity magnitude. The state includes the position in each dimension, the velocity magnitude, the course direction, and the turn rate. The measurements are in spherical coordinates with respect to a frame located at [20;40;0]. The elevation of the measurement is zero and the range rate is negative indicating that the object is moving toward the sensor.

state = [1;10;2;20;5];
measurement = ctrvmeas(state,'spherical',[20;40;0])

measurement = 4×1

 -122.3474
         0
   35.5106
   -1.5835

Measure State Using Constant Turn-Rate and Velocity-Magnitude Motion with Measurement Parameters

Define the state of an object in 2-D motion with constant turn rate and constant velocity magnitude. The state includes the position in each dimension, the velocity magnitude, the course direction, and the turn rate. The measurements are in spherical coordinates with respect to a sensor located at [-1;-2;0], moving at 2 m/s along the x-axis, and rotated by 90 degrees about the z-axis relative to the global frame.The elevation of the measurement is zero and the range rate is positive indicating that the object is moving away from the sensor.

state2d = [1;10;2;20;5];
frame = 'spherical';
sensorpos = [-1;-2;0];
sensorvel = [2;0;0];
laxes = [0 -1 0; 1 0 0; 0 0 1];
measurement = ctrvmeas(state2d,frame,sensorpos,sensorvel,laxes)

measurement = 4×1

   -9.4623
         0
   12.1655
    0.6549

Put the measurement parameters in a structure and use the syntax with the measurementParameters argument.

measparm = struct('Frame',frame,'OriginPosition',sensorpos, ...
    'OriginVelocity',sensorvel,'Orientation',laxes);
measurement = ctrvmeas(state2d,measparm)

measurement = 4×1

   -9.4623
         0
   12.1655
    0.6549

Display Residual Wrapping Bounds

Specify a 2-D state and specify a measurement structure such that the function outputs azimuth, range, and range-rate measurements.

state = [1;10;2;20;5];
mp = struct("Frame","Spherical", ...
    "HasAzimuth",true, ...
    "HasElevation",false, ...
    "HasRange",true, ...
    "HasVelocity",false);

Output the measurement and wrapping bounds using the ctrvmeas function.

[measure,bounds] = ctrvmeas(state,mp)

measure = 2×1

   84.2894
   10.0499

bounds = 2×2

  -180   180
  -Inf   Inf

Input Arguments

state — Current state

real-valued five-element row or column vector | real-valued seven-element row or column vector | 5-by-N real-valued matrix | 7-by-N real-valued matrix

Current state for constant turn-rate motion, specified as a real-valued vector or matrix.

• When you specify the current state as a five-element vector, the state vector describes 2-D motion in the xy-plane. You can specify the state vector as a row or column vector. The components of the state vector are [x;y;s;theta;omega], where:

  • x and y represent the x-coordinate and y-coordinate in meters.

  • s represents the velocity magnitude in meters/second.

  • theta represents the course direction in the xy-plane, counter-clockwise with respect to the x-axis, in degrees.

  • omega represents the turn-rate in degrees/second.

• When you specify the current state as a seven-element vector, the state vector describes 3-D motion. You can specify the state vector as a row or column vector. The components of the state vector are [x;y;s;theta;omega;z;vz], where:

  • x and y represent the x-coordinate and y-coordinate in meters.

  • s represents the velocity magnitude in meters/second.

  • theta represents the course direction in the xy-plane, counter-clockwise with respect to the x-axis, in degrees.

  • omega represents the turn-rate in degrees/second.

  • z represent the position in the vertical plane in meters.

  • vz represents velocity component in the vertical plane in meters/second.

• When you specify the current state as a 5-by-N or 7-by-N real-valued matrix, each column represents a different state vector, and N represents the number of states.

Example: [0;300;15;40;0.5]

Data Types: single | double

frame — Frame to report measurements

'rectangular' (default) | 'spherical'

Frame to report measurements, specified as 'rectangular' or 'spherical'. When you specify frame as 'rectangular', a measurement consists of x, y, and z Cartesian coordinates. When you specify frame as 'spherical', a measurement consists of azimuth, elevation, range, and range rate.

Data Types: char | string

sensorpos — Sensor position

[0;0;0] (default) | real-valued 3-by-1 column vector

Sensor position with respect to the navigation frame, specified as a real-valued 3-by-1 column vector. Units are in meters.

Data Types: single | double

sensorvel — Sensor velocity

[0;0;0] (default) | real-valued 3-by-1 column vector

Sensor velocity with respect to the navigation frame, specified as a real-valued 3-by-1 column vector. Units are in m/s.

Data Types: single | double

laxes — Local sensor axes coordinates

[1,0,0;0,1,0;0,0,1] (default) | 3-by-3 orthogonal matrix

Local sensor axes coordinates, specified as a 3-by-3 orthogonal matrix. Each column specifies the direction of the local x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively, with respect to the navigation frame. The matrix is the rotation matrix from the global frame to the sensor frame.

Data Types: single | double

measurementParameters — Measurement parameters

structure | array of structures

Measurement parameters, specified as a structure or an array of structures. This table lists the fields in the structure.

Field	Description	Example
Frame	Frame used to report measurements, specified as one of these values: 'Rectangular' — Detections are reported in rectangular coordinates. 'Spherical' — Detections are reported in spherical coordinates. Tip In Simulink, when you create an object detection Bus, specify Frame as an enumeration object of fusionCoordinateFrameType.Rectangular or fusionCoordinateFrameType.Spherical because Simulink does not support variables such as a character vector that can vary in size.	'spherical'
OriginPosition	Position offset of the origin of the frame relative to the parent frame, specified as an [x y z] real-valued vector.	[0 0 0]
OriginVelocity	Velocity offset of the origin of the frame relative to the parent frame, specified as a [vx vy vz] real-valued vector.	[0 0 0]
Orientation	Frame rotation matrix, specified as a 3-by-3 real-valued orthonormal matrix.	[1 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]
HasAzimuth	Logical scalar indicating if azimuth is included in the measurement. This field is not relevant when the Frame field is 'Rectangular'.	1
HasElevation	Logical scalar indicating if elevation information is included in the measurement. For measurements reported in a rectangular frame, and if HasElevation is false, the reported measurements assume 0 degrees of elevation.	1
HasRange	Logical scalar indicating if range is included in the measurement. This field is not relevant when the Frame is 'Rectangular'.	1
HasVelocity	Logical scalar indicating if the reported detections include velocity measurements. For a measurement reported in the rectangular frame, if HasVelocity is false, the measurements are reported as [x y z]. If HasVelocity is true, the measurement is reported as [x y z vx vy vz]. For a measurement reported in the spherical frame, if HasVelocity is true, the measurement contains range-rate information.	1
IsParentToChild	Logical scalar indicating if Orientation performs a frame rotation from the parent coordinate frame to the child coordinate frame. When IsParentToChild is false, then Orientation performs a frame rotation from the child coordinate frame to the parent coordinate frame.	0

If you want to perform only one coordinate transformation, such as a transformation from the body frame to the sensor frame, you must specify a measurement parameter structure. If you want to perform multiple coordinate transformations, you must specify an array of measurement parameter structures. To learn how to perform multiple transformations, see the Convert Detections to objectDetection Format example.

Data Types: struct

Output Arguments

measurement — Measurement of state

real-valued N-element row vector | real-valued M-by-N matrix

Measurement vector, returned as an N-element real-valued row vector or an M-by-N real-valued matrix. M, the size of each measurement, can vary depending on the syntax. For more information, see the following table. N, the number of measurements, is the same as the number of states. The format of the measurement vector depends on the syntax.

• When you do not specify the measurementParameters argument and set the frame argument to 'rectangular', the function outputs measurement vectors in the format of [x;y;z].

• When you do not specify the measurementParameters argument and set the frame argument to 'spherical', the function outputs measurement vectors in the format of [az;el;r;rr].

• When you specify the measurementParameters argument and set the frame field to 'rectangular', the size of the measurement vector depends on the value of the HasVelocity field in the measurementParameters structure. The measurement vector includes the Cartesian position and velocity coordinates of the tracked object with respect to the ego vehicle coordinate system.

  Rectangular Measurements

  HasVelocity = 'false'	[x;y;z]
  HasVelocity = 'true'	[x;y;z;vx;vy;vz]

  Position units are in meters and velocity units are in m/s.

• When you specify the measurementParameters argument and set the frame field to 'spherical', the size of the measurement vector depends on the value of the HasVelocity, HasRange, and HasElevation fields in the measurementParameters structure. The measurement vector includes the azimuth angle, az, elevation angle, el, range, r, and range rate, rr, of the object with respect to the local ego vehicle coordinate system. Positive values for range rate indicate that an object is moving away from the sensor.

  Spherical Measurements

  	HasRange = 'true'		HasRange = 'false'
  	HasElevation = 'false'	HasElevation = 'true'	HasElevation = 'false'	HasElevation = 'true'
  HasVelocity = 'false'	[az;r]	[az;el;r]	[az]	[az;el]
  HasVelocity = 'true'	[az;r;rr]	[az;el;r;rr]	[az]	[az;el]

  Angle units are in degrees, range units are in meters, and range rate units are in m/s.

Data Types: double

bounds — Measurement residual wrapping bounds

real-valued two-element row vector | M-by-2 real-valued matrix

Measurement residual wrapping bounds, returned as a two-element real-valued row vector or an M-by-2 real-valued matrix, where M is the size of each measurement. Each row of the matrix corresponds to the lower and upper bounds, respectively, of each measurement in the measurement output.

The function returns different bound values based on the frame input.

• If you specify frame as 'Rectangular', each row of the matrix is [-Inf Inf], indicating that the filter did not wrap the measurement residual.

• If you specify frame as 'Spherical', the function returns bounds for each measurement based on the following:

  • When HasAzimuth = true, the matrix includes a row of [-180 180], indicating that the filter wrapped the azimuth residual in the range of [-180 180] in degrees.

  • When HasElevation = true, the matrix includes a row of [-90 90], indicating that the filter wrapped the elevation residual in the range of [-90 90] in degrees.

  • When HasRange = true, the matrix includes a row of [-Inf Inf], indicating that the filter did not wrap the range residual.

  • When HasVelocity = true, the matrix includes a row of [-Inf Inf], indicating that the filter did not wrap the range rate residual.

If you set any of the fields to false, the returned bounds do not contain the corresponding row. For example, if HasAzimuth = true, HasElevation = false, HasRange = true, HasVelocity = true, then the function returns the bounds as:

  -180   180
  -Inf   Inf
  -Inf   Inf

The filter wraps the measuring residuals based on this equation:

$$x_{wrap}=mod(x-\frac{a-b}{2},b-a)+\frac{a-b}{2}$$

where x is the residual to wrap, a is the lower bound, b is the upper bound, mod is the remainder after division, and x_wrap is the wrapped residual.

Data Types: single | double

More About

Azimuth and Elevation Angle Definitions

The azimuth angle of a vector is the angle between the x-axis and its orthogonal projection onto the xy-plane. The angle is positive when going from the x-axis toward the y-axis. Azimuth angles lie between –180 and 180 degrees. The elevation angle is the angle between the vector and its orthogonal projection onto the xy-plane. The angle is positive when going toward the positive z-axis from the xy-plane.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2024b