filloutliers
Detect and replace outliers in data
Syntax
Description
finds outliers in B
= filloutliers(A
,fillmethod
)A
and replaces them according to
fillmethod
. For example,
filloutliers(A,'previous')
replaces outliers with the
previous non-outlier element.
If
A
is a matrix, thenfilloutliers
operates on each column ofA
separately.If
A
is a multidimensional array, thenfilloutliers
operates along the first dimension ofA
whose size does not equal 1.If
A
is a table or timetable, thenfilloutliers
operates on each variable ofA
separately.
By default, an outlier is a value that is more than three scaled median absolute deviations (MAD) away from the median.
specifies a method for detecting outliers. For example,
B
= filloutliers(A
,fillmethod
,findmethod
)filloutliers(A,'previous','mean')
defines an outlier as an
element of A
more than three standard deviations from the
mean.
defines outliers as points outside of the percentiles specified in
B
= filloutliers(A
,fillmethod
,'percentiles',threshold
)threshold
. The threshold
argument is a
two-element row vector containing the lower and upper percentile thresholds, such as
[10 90]
.
detects local outliers using a moving window mean or median with window length
B
= filloutliers(A
,fillmethod
,movmethod
,window
)window
. For example,
filloutliers(A,'previous','movmean',5)
identifies outliers as
elements more than three local standard deviations away from the local mean within a
five-element window.
specifies additional parameters for detecting and replacing outliers using one or
more name-value arguments. For example,
B
= filloutliers(___,Name,Value
)filloutliers(A,'previous','SamplePoints',t)
detects outliers
in A
relative to the corresponding elements of a time vector
t
.
[
also returns information about the position of the outliers and thresholds computed
by the detection method. B
,TF
,L
,U
,C
]
= filloutliers(___)TF
is a logical array indicating the
location of the outliers in A
. The L
,
U
, and C
arguments represent the lower and
upper thresholds and the center value used by the outlier detection method.
Examples
Interpolate Outliers
Create a vector of data containing an outlier, and use linear interpolation to replace the outlier. Plot the original and interpolated data.
A = [57 59 60 100 59 58 57 58 300 61 62 60 62 58 57]; B = filloutliers(A,'linear'); plot(1:15,A,1:15,B,'o') legend('Original Data','Interpolated Data')
Determine Outliers with Mean
Create a vector containing an outlier, and define outliers as points outside three standard deviations from the mean. Replace the outlier with the nearest element that is not an outlier, and plot the original data and the interpolated data.
A = [57 59 60 100 59 58 57 58 300 61 62 60 62 58 57]; B = filloutliers(A,'nearest','mean'); plot(1:15,A,1:15,B,'o') legend('Original Data','Interpolated Data')
Determine Outliers with Sliding Window
Use a moving median to find local outliers within a sine wave that corresponds to a time vector.
Create a vector of data containing a local outlier.
x = -2*pi:0.1:2*pi; A = sin(x); A(47) = 0;
Create a time vector that corresponds to the data in A
.
t = datetime(2017,1,1,0,0,0) + hours(0:length(x)-1);
Define outliers as points more than three local scaled MAD away from the local median within a sliding window. Find the location of the outlier in A
relative to the points in t
with a window size of 5 hours. Fill the outlier with the computed threshold value using the method 'clip'
, and plot the original and filled data.
[B,TF,L,U,C] = filloutliers(A,'clip','movmedian',hours(5),'SamplePoints',t); plot(t,A,t,B,'o') legend('Original Data','Filled Data')
Matrix of Data
Fill outliers for each row of a matrix.
Create a matrix of data containing outliers along the diagonal.
A = randn(5,5) + diag(1000*ones(1,5))
A = 5×5
103 ×
1.0005 -0.0013 -0.0013 -0.0002 0.0007
0.0018 0.9996 0.0030 -0.0001 -0.0012
-0.0023 0.0003 1.0007 0.0015 0.0007
0.0009 0.0036 -0.0001 1.0014 0.0016
0.0003 0.0028 0.0007 0.0014 1.0005
Fill outliers with zeros based on the data in each row, and display the new values.
[B,TF,lower,upper,center] = filloutliers(A,0,2); B
B = 5×5
0 -1.3077 -1.3499 -0.2050 0.6715
1.8339 0 3.0349 -0.1241 -1.2075
-2.2588 0.3426 0 1.4897 0.7172
0.8622 3.5784 -0.0631 0 1.6302
0.3188 2.7694 0.7147 1.4172 0
You can directly access the detected outlier values and their filled values using TF
as an index vector.
[A(TF) B(TF)]
ans = 5×2
103 ×
1.0005 0
0.9996 0
1.0007 0
1.0014 0
1.0005 0
Outlier Thresholds
Find the outlier in a vector of data, and replace it using the 'clip'
method. Plot the original data, the filled data, and the thresholds and center value determined by the detection method. 'clip'
replaces the outlier with the upper threshold value.
x = 1:10; A = [60 59 49 49 58 100 61 57 48 58]; [B,TF,lower,upper,center] = filloutliers(A,'clip'); plot(x,A,x,B,'o',x,lower*ones(1,10),x,upper*ones(1,10),x,center*ones(1,10)) legend('Original Data','Filled Data','Lower Threshold','Upper Threshold','Center Value')
Input Arguments
A
— Input data
vector | matrix | multidimensional array | table | timetable
Input data, specified as a vector, matrix, multidimensional array, table, or timetable.
If
A
is a table, then its variables must be of typedouble
orsingle
, or you can use theDataVariables
argument to listdouble
orsingle
variables explicitly. Specifying variables is useful when you are working with a table that contains variables with data types other thandouble
orsingle
.If
A
is a timetable, thenfilloutliers
operates only on the table elements. Row times must be unique and listed in ascending order.
Data Types: double
| single
| table
| timetable
fillmethod
— Fill method
numeric scalar | 'center'
| 'clip'
| 'previous'
| 'next'
| 'nearest'
| 'linear'
| 'spline'
| 'pchip'
| 'makima'
Fill method for replacing outliers, specified as one of these values:
Fill Method | Description |
---|---|
Numeric scalar | Fills with specified scalar value |
'center' | Fills with the center value determined by findmethod |
'clip' | Fills with the lower threshold value for elements smaller than
the lower threshold determined by findmethod . Fills
with the upper threshold value for elements larger than the upper
threshold determined by findmethod |
'previous' | Fills with the previous non-outlier value |
'next' | Fills with the next non-outlier value |
'nearest' | Fills with the nearest non-outlier value |
'linear' | Fills using linear interpolation of neighboring, non-outlier values |
'spline' | Fills using piecewise cubic spline interpolation |
'pchip' | Fills using shape-preserving piecewise cubic spline interpolation |
'makima' | Fills using modified Akima cubic Hermite
interpolation (numeric, duration , and
datetime data types only) |
Data Types: double
| single
| char
findmethod
— Method for detecting outliers
'median'
(default) | 'mean'
| 'quartiles'
| 'grubbs'
| 'gesd'
Method for detecting outliers, specified as one of these values:
Method | Description |
---|---|
'median' | Outliers are defined as elements more than three
scaled MAD from the median. The scaled MAD is defined as
c*median(abs(A-median(A))) , where
c=-1/(sqrt(2)*erfcinv(3/2)) . |
'mean' | Outliers are defined as elements more than three
standard deviations from the mean. This method is faster
but less robust than
'median' . |
'quartiles' | Outliers are defined as elements more than 1.5
interquartile ranges above the upper quartile (75
percent) or below the lower quartile (25 percent). This
method is useful when the data in A
is not normally distributed. |
'grubbs' | Outliers are detected using Grubbs’ test, which
removes one outlier per iteration based on hypothesis
testing. This method assumes that the data in
A is normally
distributed. |
'gesd' | Outliers are detected using the generalized extreme
Studentized deviate test for outliers. This iterative
method is similar to 'grubbs' , but
can perform better when there are multiple outliers
masking each other. |
threshold
— Percentile thresholds
two-element row vector
Percentile thresholds, specified as a two-element row vector whose
elements are in the interval [0,100]. The first element indicates the lower
percentile threshold and the second element indicates the upper percentile
threshold. The first element of threshold
must be less
than the second element.
For example, a threshold of [10 90]
defines outliers as
points below the 10th percentile and above the 90th percentile.
movmethod
— Moving method
'movmedian'
| 'movmean'
Moving method for detecting outliers, specified as one of these values:
Method | Description |
---|---|
'movmedian' | Outliers are defined as elements more than three local scaled MAD from the local median over
a window length specified by window .
This method is also known as a Hampel
filter. |
'movmean' | Outliers are defined as elements more than three local standard
deviations from the local mean over a window length specified by window . |
window
— Window length
positive integer scalar | two-element vector of positive integers | positive duration scalar | two-element vector of positive durations
Window length, specified as a positive integer scalar, a two-element vector of positive integers, a positive duration scalar, or a two-element vector of positive durations.
When window
is a positive integer scalar, the window is centered about the
current element and contains window-1
neighboring
elements. If window
is even, then the window is centered
about the current and previous elements.
When window
is a two-element vector of positive
integers [b f]
, the window contains the current element,
b
elements backward, and f
elements forward.
When A
is a timetable or SamplePoints
is specified as a
datetime
or duration
vector,
window
must be of type duration
,
and the windows are computed relative to the sample points.
dim
— Operating dimension
positive integer scalar
Operating dimension, specified as a positive integer scalar. If no value is specified, then the default is the first array dimension whose size does not equal 1.
Consider an m
-by-n
input matrix,
A
:
filloutliers(A,fillmethod,1)
fills outliers according to the data in each column ofA
and returns anm
-by-n
matrix.filloutliers(A,fillmethod,2)
fills outliers according to the data in each row ofA
and returns anm
-by-n
matrix.
For table or timetable input data, dim
is not supported
and operation is along each table or timetable variable separately.
Name-Value Arguments
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose
Name
in quotes.
Example: filloutliers(A,'center','mean','ThresholdFactor',4)
SamplePoints
— Sample points
vector | table variable name | scalar | function handle | table vartype
subscript
Sample points, specified as a vector of sample point values or one of
the options in the following table when the input data is a table. The
sample points represent the x-axis locations of the
data, and must be sorted and contain unique elements. Sample points do
not need to be uniformly sampled. The vector [1 2 3
...]
is the default.
When the input data is a table, you can specify the sample points as a table variable using one of these options:
Option for Table Input | Description | Examples |
---|---|---|
Variable name | A character vector or scalar string specifying a single table variable name |
|
Scalar variable index | A scalar table variable index |
|
Logical vector | A logical vector whose elements each correspond to a table variable, where
|
|
Function handle | A function handle that takes a table variable as input and returns a logical scalar,
which must be |
|
vartype subscript | A table subscript generated by the |
|
Note
This name-value argument is not supported when the input data is a
timetable
. Timetables always use the vector of row times as the
sample points. To use different sample points, you must edit the timetable so that the row
times contain the desired sample points.
Moving windows are defined relative to the sample points. For example,
if t
is a vector of times corresponding to the input
data, then
filloutliers(rand(1,10),'previous','movmean',3,'SamplePoints',t)
has a window that represents the time interval between
t(i)-1.5
and t(i)+1.5
.
When the sample points vector has data type
datetime
or duration
, the
moving window length must have type duration
.
Example: filloutliers([1 100 3 4],'nearest','SamplePoints',[1
2.5 3 4])
Example: filloutliers(T,'nearest','SamplePoints',"Var1")
Data Types: single
| double
| datetime
| duration
DataVariables
— Table variables to operate on
table variable name | scalar | vector | cell array | function handle | table vartype
subscript
Table variables to operate on, specified as one of the options in this
table. The DataVariables
value indicates which
variables of the input table to fill.
Other variables in the table not specified by
DataVariables
pass through to the output without
being filled.
Option | Description | Examples |
---|---|---|
Variable name | A character vector or scalar string specifying a single table variable name |
|
Vector of variable names | A cell array of character vectors or string array where each element is a table variable name |
|
Scalar or vector of variable indices | A scalar or vector of table variable indices |
|
Logical vector | A logical vector whose elements each correspond to a table variable, where
|
|
Function handle | A function handle that takes a table variable as input and returns a logical scalar |
|
vartype subscript | A table subscript generated by the |
|
Example: filloutliers(A,'previous','DataVariables',["Var1"
"Var2" "Var4"])
ReplaceValues
— Replace values indicator
true
or
1
(default) | false
or 0
Replace values indicator, specified as one of these values when
A
is a table or timetable:
true
or1
— Replace input table variables with table variables where outlier values are filled.false
or0
— Append input table variables with table variables where outlier values are filled.
For vector, matrix, or multidimensional array input data,
ReplaceValues
is not supported.
Example: filloutliers(T,'previous','ReplaceValues',false)
ThresholdFactor
— Detection threshold factor
nonnegative scalar
Detection threshold factor, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
For methods 'median'
and
'movmedian'
, the detection threshold factor
replaces the number of scaled MAD, which is 3 by default.
For methods 'mean'
and
'movmean'
, the detection threshold factor replaces
the number of standard deviations from the mean, which is 3 by
default.
For methods 'grubbs'
and
'gesd'
, the detection threshold factor is a scalar
ranging from 0 to 1. Values close to 0 result in a smaller number of
outliers and values close to 1 result in a larger number of outliers.
The default detection threshold factor is 0.05.
For the 'quartiles'
method, the detection threshold
factor replaces the number of interquartile ranges, which is 1.5 by
default.
This name-value argument is not supported when the specified method is
'percentiles'
.
MaxNumOutliers
— Maximum outlier count
positive integer scalar
Maximum outlier count, for the 'gesd'
method only,
specified as a positive integer scalar. The
MaxNumOutliers
value specifies the maximum number
of outliers returned by the 'gesd'
method. For
example,
filloutliers(A,'linear','gesd','MaxNumOutliers',5)
returns no more than five outliers.
The default value for MaxNumOutliers
is the integer
nearest to 10 percent of the number of elements in A
.
Setting a larger value for the maximum number of outliers can ensure
that all outliers are detected, but at the cost of reduced computational
efficiency.
The 'gesd'
method assumes the non-outlier input data
is sampled from an approximate normal distribution. When the data is not
sampled in this way, the number of returned outliers might exceed the
MaxNumOutliers
value.
OutlierLocations
— Known outlier indicator
vector | matrix | multidimensional array
Known outlier indicator, specified as a logical vector, matrix, or
multidimensional array of the same size as A
. The
known outlier indicator elements can be true
to
indicate an outlier in the corresponding location of
A
or false
otherwise.
Specifying OutlierLocations
turns off the default
outlier detection method, and uses only the elements of the known
outlier indicator to define outliers.
The OutlierLocations
name-value argument cannot be
specified when findmethod
is specified.
The output TF
is the same as the
OutlierLocations
value.
Data Types: logical
Output Arguments
B
— Filled outlier array
vector | matrix | multidimensional array | table | timetable
Filled outlier array, returned as a vector, matrix, multidimensional array, table, or timetable.
B
is the same size as A
unless the
value of ReplaceValues
is false
. If
the value of ReplaceValues
is false
,
then the width of B
is the sum of the input data width
and the number of data variables specified.
TF
— Filled data indicator
vector | matrix | multidimensional array
Filled data indicator, returned as a vector, matrix, or multidimensional
array. TF
is a logical array where 1
(true
) corresponds to entries in F
that were filled and 0 (false
) corresponds to unchanged
entries.
TF
is the same size as B
.
Data Types: logical
L
— Lower threshold
scalar | vector | matrix | multidimensional array | table | timetable
Lower threshold used by the outlier detection method, returned as a
scalar, vector, matrix, multidimensional array, table, or timetable. For
example, the lower value of the default outlier detection method is three
scaled MAD below the median of the input data. L
has the
same size as A
in all dimensions except for the operating
dimension where the length is 1.
Data Types: double
| single
| table
| timetable
U
— Upper threshold
scalar | vector | matrix | multidimensional array | table | timetable
Upper threshold used by the outlier detection method, returned as a
scalar, vector, matrix, multidimensional array, table, or timetable. For
example, the upper value of the default outlier detection method is three
scaled MAD above the median of the input data. U
has the
same size as A
in all dimensions except for the operating
dimension where the length is 1.
Data Types: double
| single
| table
| timetable
C
— Center value
scalar | vector | matrix | multidimensional array | table | timetable
Center value used by the outlier detection method, returned as a scalar,
vector, matrix, multidimensional array, table, or timetable. For example,
the center value of the default outlier detection method is the median of
the input data. C
has the same size as
A
in all dimensions except for the operating
dimension where the length is 1.
Data Types: double
| single
| table
| timetable
More About
Median Absolute Deviation
For a random variable vector A made up of N scalar observations, the median absolute deviation (MAD) is defined as
for i = 1,2,...,N.
The scaled MAD is defined as c*median(abs(A-median(A)))
, where
c=-1/(sqrt(2)*erfcinv(3/2))
.
Extended Capabilities
Tall Arrays
Calculate with arrays that have more rows than fit in memory.
Usage notes and limitations:
The
'percentiles'
,'grubs'
, and'gesd'
methods are not supported.The
'movmedian'
and'movmean'
methods do not support tall timetables.The
SamplePoints
andMaxNumOutliers
name-value arguments are not supported.The value of
DataVariables
cannot be a function handle.Computation of
filloutliers(A,fillmethod)
,filloutliers(A,fillmethod,'median',…)
orfilloutliers(A,fillmethod,'quartiles',…)
along the first dimension is only supported whenA
is a tall column vector.The syntaxes
filloutliers(A,'spline',…)
andfilloutliers(A,'makima',…)
are not supported.
For more information, see Tall Arrays.
C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.
Usage notes and limitations:
The
ReplaceValues
name-value argument is not supported.The
'movmean'
and'movmedian'
methods for detecting outliers do not support timetable input data, datetimeSamplePoints
values, or durationSamplePoints
values.Only the
'center'
,'clip'
, and numeric scalar methods for filling outliers are supported when the input data is a timetable or when theSamplePoints
value has typedatetime
orduration
.To use the
'spline'
and'pchip'
fill methods, you must enable support for variable-size arrays.String and character array inputs must be constant.
The
'makima'
option is not supported.
Thread-Based Environment
Run code in the background using MATLAB® backgroundPool
or accelerate code with Parallel Computing Toolbox™ ThreadPool
.
This function fully supports thread-based environments. For more information, see Run MATLAB Functions in Thread-Based Environment.
Version History
Introduced in R2017aR2022a: Append filled values
You can now append, instead of replace, input table variables with table variables
where outlier values are filled by setting the ReplaceValues
name-value argument to false
.
The ReplaceValues
name-value argument is only supported for
table and timetable input data.
See Also
Functions
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