decode

Convert token codes to tokens

Since R2023b

Syntax

str = decode(tokenizer,tokenCodes)

Description

str = decode(tokenizer,tokenCodes) decodes the specified token codes using the tokenizer object tokenizer.

Examples

Decode BERT Token Codes

Load a pretrained BERT-Base neural network and corresponding tokenizer using the bert function.

[net,tokenizer] = bert;

View the tokenizer.

tokenizer

tokenizer = 
  bertTokenizer with properties:

        IgnoreCase: 1
      StripAccents: 1
      PaddingToken: "[PAD]"
       PaddingCode: 1
        StartToken: "[CLS]"
         StartCode: 102
      UnknownToken: "[UNK]"
       UnknownCode: 101
    SeparatorToken: "[SEP]"
     SeparatorCode: 103
       ContextSize: 512

Decode an array of token codes using the decode function.

tokenCodes = [102 7227 7443 7543 2390 4373 16045 2100 15067 2014 19082 103];
str = decode(tokenizer,tokenCodes)

str = 
"[CLS] bidirectional encoder representations from transformers [SEP]"

Input Arguments

tokenizer — Tokenizer

bertTokenizer object | bpeTokenizer object (since R2024a)

Tokenizer, specified as a bertTokenizer or bpeTokenizer object.

tokenCodes — Token codes

vector of positive integers

Token codes, specified as a vector of positive integers.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Output Arguments

str — Decoded tokens

string array

Decoded tokens, returned as a string array.

Algorithms

WordPiece Tokenization

The WordPiece tokenization algorithm [2] splits words into subword units and maps common sequences of characters and subwords to a single integer. During tokenization, the algorithm replaces out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words with subword counterparts, which allows models to handle unseen words more effectively. This process creates a set of subword tokens that can better represent common and rare words.

These steps outline how to create a WordPiece tokenizer:

1. Initialize vocabulary — Create an initial vocabulary of the unique characters in the data.

2. Count token frequencies — Iterate through the training data and count the frequencies of each token in the vocabulary.

3. Merge most frequent pairs — Identify the most frequent pair of tokens in the vocabulary and merge them into a single token. Update the vocabulary accordingly.

4. Repeat counting and merging — Repeat the counting and merging steps until the vocabulary reaches a predefined size or until tokens can no longer merge.

These steps outline how a WordPiece tokenizer tokenizes new text:

1. Split text — Split text into individual words.

2. Identify OOV words — Identify any OOV words that are not present in the pretrained vocabulary.

3. Replace OOV words — Replace the OOV words with their subword counterparts from the vocabulary. For example, by iteratively checking that OOV tokens start with vocabulary tokens.

Byte Pair Encoding

Byte pair encoding (BPE) is a tokenization algorithm that allows transformer networks to handle a wide range of vocabulary without assigning individual tokens for every possible word. During tokenization, the algorithm replaces out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words with subword counterparts, which allows models to handle unseen words more effectively. This process creates a set of subword tokens that can better represent common and rare words.

These steps outline the algorithm for training a BPE tokenizer:

• Start with a corpus of text. For example, a corpus that includes phrases like "use byte pair encoding to tokenize text". Split the text data into words using a specified pretokenization algorithm.

• Initialize a vocabulary of bytes. For example, start with a vocabulary of ["a" "b" "c" ... "z"]. For non-ASCII characters, like emojis that consist of multiple bytes, start with the byte values that comprise the character.

• Encode each word in the text data as a sequence of bytes, and represent the words as sequences of integers that specify the indices of the tokens in the vocabulary. For example, represent the word "use" as [21 19 5]. When the encoding of a character is more than one byte, the resulting sequence of bytes can have more elements than the number of characters in the word.

• Count the frequency of all adjacent pairs of bytes in the corpus. For example, among the words ["use" "byte" "pair" "encoding" "to" "tokenize" "text"], the token pairs ["t" "e"], ["e" "n"], and ["t" "o"] appear twice, and the remaining pairs appear once.

• Identify the most frequent pair and add the corresponding merged token to the vocabulary. In the words represented as sequences of vocabulary indices, replace the corresponding pairs with the index of the new merged token in the vocabulary. Then, add this token pair to the merge list. For example, append the token pair ["t" "e"] to the merge list. Then, add the corresponding merged token "te" to the vocabulary so that it has the index 27. Finally, in the text data represented as vocabulary indices, replace the pairs of vocabulary indices [20 5] (which corresponds to ["t" "e"]) with the corresponding new vocabulary index:

  • The representation [2 25 20 5] for the word "byte" becomes [2 25 27].

  • The representation [20 5 24 20] for the word "text" becomes [27 24 20].

• Repeat the frequency count and merge operations until you reach a specified number of iterations or vocabulary size. For example, repeating these steps several times leads to merging the pair ["b" "y"] to make the token "by", and then subsequently the pair ["by" "te"] to make the token "byte".

These steps outline how a BPE tokenizer tokenizes new text:

1. Pretokenization — Split text into individual words.

2. Byte-encoding — Encode each word into sequences of bytes.

3. Merge — By starting at the top of the merge list and progressing through it, iteratively apply each merge to pairs of tokens when possible.

References

[1] Devlin, Jacob, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. "BERT: Pre-Training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding" Preprint, submitted May 24, 2019. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1810.04805.

[2] Wu, Yonghui, Mike Schuster, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc V. Le, Mohammad Norouzi, Wolfgang Macherey, Maxim Krikun et al. "Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap Between Human and Machine Translation." Preprint, submitted October 8, 2016. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1609.08144

Version History

Introduced in R2023b