uv2azelpat

Convert radiation pattern from u/v form to azimuth/elevation form

Syntax

pat_azel = uv2azelpat(pat_uv,u,v)

pat_azel = uv2azelpat(pat_uv,u,v,az,el)

[pat_azel,az_pat,el_pat] = uv2azelpat(___)

Description

pat_azel = uv2azelpat(pat_uv,u,v) expresses the antenna radiation pattern pat_azel in azimuth/elevation angle coordinates instead of u/v space coordinates. pat_uv samples the pattern at u angles in u and v angles in v. The pat_azel matrix uses a default grid that covers azimuth values from –90 to 90 degrees and elevation values from –90 to 90 degrees. In this grid, pat_azel is uniformly sampled with a step size of 1 for azimuth and elevation. The function interpolates to estimate the response of the antenna at a given direction.

pat_azel = uv2azelpat(pat_uv,u,v,az,el) uses vectors az and el to specify the grid at which to sample pat_azel. To avoid interpolation errors, az should cover the range [–90, 90] and el should cover the range [–90, 90].

[pat_azel,az_pat,el_pat] = uv2azelpat(___) returns vectors containing the azimuth and elevation angles at which pat_azel samples the pattern, using any of the input arguments in the previous syntaxes.

Examples

Convert Radiation Pattern

Convert a radiation pattern to azimuth/elevation form with the angles spaced 1° apart.

Define the pattern in terms of u and v. Because u and v values outside the unit circle are not physical, set the pattern values in this region to zero.

u = -1:0.01:1;
v = -1:0.01:1;
[u_grid,v_grid] = meshgrid(u,v);
pat_uv = sqrt(1 - u_grid.^2 - v_grid.^2);
pat_uv(hypot(u_grid,v_grid) >= 1) = 0;

Convert the pattern to azimuth/elevation space.

pat_azel = uv2azelpat(pat_uv,u,v);

Plot Converted Radiation Pattern

Convert a radiation pattern to azimuth/elevation form with the angles spaced 1° apart.

Define the pattern in terms of u and v. Because u and v values outside the unit circle are not physical, set the pattern values in this region to zero.

u = -1:0.01:1;
v = -1:0.01:1;
[u_grid,v_grid] = meshgrid(u,v);
pat_uv = sqrt(1 - u_grid.^2 - v_grid.^2);
pat_uv(hypot(u_grid,v_grid) >= 1) = 0;

Convert the pattern to azimuth/elevation space. Store the azimuth and elevation angles for plotting.

[pat_azel,az,el] = uv2azelpat(pat_uv,u,v);

Plot the pattern.

H = surf(az,el,pat_azel);
H.LineStyle = 'none';
xlabel('Azimuth (degrees)')
ylabel('Elevation (degrees)')
zlabel('Pattern')

Convert Radiation Pattern Using Specific Azimuth/Elevation Values

Convert a radiation pattern to azimuth/elevation form, with the angles spaced 5° apart.

Define the pattern in terms of u and v. Because u and v values outside the unit circle are not physical, set the pattern values in this region to zero.

u = -1:0.01:1;
v = -1:0.01:1;
[u_grid,v_grid] = meshgrid(u,v);
pat_uv = sqrt(1 - u_grid.^2 - v_grid.^2);
pat_uv(hypot(u_grid,v_grid) >= 1) = 0;

Define the set of azimuth and elevation angles at which to sample the pattern. Then convert the pattern.

az = -90:5:90;
el = -90:5:90;
pat_azel = uv2azelpat(pat_uv,u,v,az,el);

Plot the pattern.

H = surf(az,el,pat_azel);
H.LineStyle = 'none';
xlabel('Azimuth (degrees)')
ylabel('Elevation (degrees)')
zlabel('Pattern')

Input Arguments

pat_uv — Antenna radiation pattern in u/v form

Q-by-P matrix

Antenna radiation pattern in u/v form, specified as a Q-by-P matrix. pat_uv samples the 3-D magnitude pattern in decibels in terms of u and v coordinates. P is the length of the u vector and Q is the length of the v vector.

Data Types: double

u — u coordinates

vector of length P

u coordinates at which pat_uv samples the pattern, specified as a vector of length P. Each coordinate is between –1 and 1.

Data Types: double

v — v coordinates

vector of length Q

v coordinates at which pat_uv samples the pattern, specified as a vector of length Q. Each coordinate is between –1 and 1.

Data Types: double

az — Azimuth angles

[-90:90] (default) | vector of length L

Azimuth angles at which pat_azel samples the pattern, specified as a vector of length L. Each azimuth angle is in degrees, between –90 and 90. Such azimuth angles are in the hemisphere for which u and v are defined.

Data Types: double

el — Elevation angles

[-90:90] (default) | vector of length M

Elevation angles at which pat_azel samples the pattern, specified as a vector of length M. Each elevation angle is in degrees, between –90 and 90.

Data Types: double

Output Arguments

pat_azel — Antenna radiation pattern in azimuth-elevation coordinates

real-valued M-by-L matrix

Antenna radiation pattern in azimuth-elevation coordinates, returned as a real-valued M-by-L matrix. pat_azel represents the magnitude pattern. L is the length of the az_pat vector, and M is the length of the el_pat vector. Units are in dB.

az_pat — Azimuth angles

real-valued length-L vector

Azimuth angles at which the pat_azel output pattern is sampled, returned as a real-valued length-L vector. Units are in degrees.

el_pat — Elevation angles

real-valued length-M vector

Elevation angles at which the pat_azel output pattern is sampled, returned as a real-valued length-M vector. Units are in degrees.

More About

U/V Space

The u and v coordinates are the direction cosines of a vector with respect to the y-axis and z-axis, respectively.

The u/v coordinates for the hemisphere x ≥ 0 are derived from the phi and theta angles, as follows:

$$\begin{array}{l}u=\sin \theta \cos \varphi \\ v=\sin \theta \sin \varphi \end{array}$$

In these expressions, φ and θ are the phi and theta angles, respectively.

To convert azimuth and elevation to u and v use the transformation

$$\begin{array}{l}u=\cos el\sin az\\ v=\sin el\end{array}$$

which is valid only in the range abs(az)≤=90.

The values of u and v satisfy the inequalities

$$\begin{array}{l}-1\le u\le 1\\ -1\le v\le 1\\ u^2+v^2\le 1\end{array}$$

Conversely, the phi and theta angles can be written in terms of u and v using

$$\begin{array}{l}\tan \varphi =v/u\\ \sin \theta =\sqrt{u^2+v^2}\end{array}$$

The azimuth and elevation angles can also be written in terms of u and v:

$$\begin{array}{l}\sin el=v\\ \tan az=\frac{u}{\sqrt{1-u^2-v^2}}\end{array}$$

Phi Angle, Theta Angle

The phi angle (φ) is the angle from the positive y-axis to the vector’s orthogonal projection onto the yz plane. The angle is positive toward the positive z-axis. The phi angle is between 0 and 360 degrees. The theta angle (θ) is the angle from the x-axis to the vector itself. The angle is positive toward the yz plane. The theta angle is between 0 and 180 degrees.

The figure illustrates phi and theta for a vector that appears as a green solid line.

The coordinate transformations between φ/θ and az/el are described by the following equations

$$\begin{array}{l}\sin el=\sin \varphi \sin \theta \\ \tan az=\cos \varphi \tan \theta \\ \cos \theta =\cos el\cos az\\ \tan \varphi =\tan el/\sin az\end{array}$$

Azimuth Angle, Elevation Angle

The azimuth angle of a vector is the angle between the x-axis and the orthogonal projection of the vector onto the xy plane. The angle is positive in going from the x axis toward the y axis. Azimuth angles lie between –180 and 180 degrees. The elevation angle is the angle between the vector and its orthogonal projection onto the xy-plane. The angle is positive when going toward the positive z-axis from the xy plane. By default, the boresight direction of an element or array is aligned with the positive x-axis. The boresight direction is the direction of the main lobe of an element or array.

Note

The elevation angle is sometimes defined in the literature as the angle a vector makes with the positive z-axis. The MATLAB^® and Phased Array System Toolbox™ products do not use this definition.

This figure illustrates the azimuth angle and elevation angle for a vector shown as a green solid line.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation

Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Usage notes and limitations:

Does not support variable-size inputs.