fitsemiself
Syntax
Description
fitsemiself
creates a semi-supervised self-training model
given labeled data, labels, and unlabeled data. The returned model contains the fitted labels
for the unlabeled data and the corresponding scores. This model can also predict labels for
unseen data using the predict
object function. For more information on
the labeling algorithm, see Algorithms.
uses the labeled data in Mdl
= fitsemiself(Tbl
,ResponseVarName
,UnlabeledTbl
)Tbl
, where
Tbl.ResponseVarName
contains the labels for the labeled data, and
returns fitted labels for the unlabeled data in UnlabeledTbl
. The
function stores the fitted labels and the corresponding scores in the
FittedLabels
and LabelScores
properties of the
object Mdl
, respectively.
uses Mdl
= fitsemiself(Tbl
,formula
,UnlabeledTbl
)formula
to specify the response variable (vector of labels) and
the predictor variables to use among the variables in Tbl
. The
function uses these variables to label the data in
UnlabeledTbl
.
uses the predictor data in Mdl
= fitsemiself(Tbl
,Y
,UnlabeledTbl
)Tbl
and the labels in
Y
to label the data in UnlabeledTbl
.
uses the predictor data in Mdl
= fitsemiself(X
,Y
,UnlabeledX
)X
and the labels in Y
to label the data in UnlabeledX
.
specifies options using one or more name-value pair arguments in addition to any of the
input argument combinations in previous syntaxes. For example, you can specify the type of
learner, number of iterations, and score threshold to use in the labeling
algorithm.Mdl
= fitsemiself(___,Name,Value
)
Examples
Fit Labels to Unlabeled Data
Fit labels to unlabeled data by using a semi-supervised self-training method.
Randomly generate 60 observations of labeled data, with 20 observations in each of three classes.
rng('default') % For reproducibility labeledX = [randn(20,2)*0.25 + ones(20,2); randn(20,2)*0.25 - ones(20,2); randn(20,2)*0.5]; Y = [ones(20,1); ones(20,1)*2; ones(20,1)*3];
Visualize the labeled data by using a scatter plot. Observations in the same class have the same color. Notice that the data is split into three clusters with very little overlap.
scatter(labeledX(:,1),labeledX(:,2),[],Y,'filled') title('Labeled Data')
Randomly generate 300 additional observations of unlabeled data, with 100 observations per class. For the purposes of validation, keep track of the true labels for the unlabeled data.
unlabeledX = [randn(100,2)*0.25 + ones(100,2); randn(100,2)*0.25 - ones(100,2); randn(100,2)*0.5]; trueLabels = [ones(100,1); ones(100,1)*2; ones(100,1)*3];
Fit labels to the unlabeled data by using a semi-supervised self-training method. The function fitsemiself
returns a SemiSupervisedSelfTrainingModel
object whose FittedLabels
property contains the fitted labels for the unlabeled data and whose LabelScores
property contains the associated label scores.
Mdl = fitsemiself(labeledX,Y,unlabeledX)
Mdl = SemiSupervisedSelfTrainingModel with properties: FittedLabels: [300x1 double] LabelScores: [300x3 double] ClassNames: [1 2 3] ResponseName: 'Y' CategoricalPredictors: [] Learner: [1x1 classreg.learning.classif.CompactClassificationECOC]
Visualize the fitted label results by using a scatter plot. Use the fitted labels to set the color of the observations, and use the maximum label scores to set the transparency of the observations. Observations with less transparency are labeled with greater confidence. Notice that observations that lie closer to the cluster boundaries are labeled with more uncertainty.
maxLabelScores = max(Mdl.LabelScores,[],2); rescaledScores = rescale(maxLabelScores,0.05,0.95); scatter(unlabeledX(:,1),unlabeledX(:,2),[],Mdl.FittedLabels,'filled', ... 'MarkerFaceAlpha','flat','AlphaData',rescaledScores); title('Fitted Labels for Unlabeled Data')
Determine the accuracy of the labeling by using the true labels for the unlabeled data.
numWrongLabels = sum(trueLabels ~= Mdl.FittedLabels)
numWrongLabels = 7
Only 8 of the 300 observations in unlabeledX
are mislabeled.
Specify Learner Used to Fit Labels
Fit labels to unlabeled data by using a semi-supervised self-training method. Specify the type of learner used to fit the labels.
Load the carsmall
data set. Create a table from the variables Acceleration
, Displacement
, and so on. For each observation, or row in the table, treat the Cylinders
value as the label for that observation.
load carsmall
Tbl = table(Acceleration,Displacement,Horsepower,Weight,Cylinders);
Suppose only 20% of the observations are labeled. To recreate this scenario, randomly sample 20 labeled observations and store them in the table unlabeledTbl
. Remove the label from the rest of the observations and store them in the table unlabeledTbl
. To verify the accuracy of the label fitting at the end of the example, retain the true labels for the unlabeled data in the variable trueLabels
.
rng('default') % For reproducibility of the sampling [labeledTbl,Idx] = datasample(Tbl,20,'Replace',false); unlabeledTbl = Tbl; unlabeledTbl(Idx,:) = []; trueLabels = unlabeledTbl.Cylinders; unlabeledTbl.Cylinders = [];
Fit labels to the unlabeled data by using a semi-supervised self-training method. Use a multiclass SVM (ECOC) model to iteratively label the unlabeled observations. Specify to standardize the numeric predictors and use a linear kernel function for the SVM binary learners. The function fitsemiself
returns an object whose FittedLabels
property contains the fitted labels for the unlabeled data.
Mdl = fitsemiself(labeledTbl,'Cylinders',unlabeledTbl, ... 'Learner',templateECOC('Learner',templateSVM('Standardize',true, ... 'KernelFunction','linear'))); fittedLabels = Mdl.FittedLabels;
Identify the observations that are incorrectly labeled by comparing the stored true labels for the unlabeled data to the fitted labels returned by the semi-supervised self-training method.
wrongIdx = (trueLabels ~= fittedLabels); wrongTbl = unlabeledTbl(wrongIdx,:);
Visualize the fitted label results for the unlabeled data. Mislabeled observations are circled in the plot.
gscatter(unlabeledTbl.Displacement,unlabeledTbl.Weight, ... fittedLabels) hold on plot(wrongTbl.Displacement,wrongTbl.Weight, ... 'ko','MarkerSize',8) xlabel('Displacement') ylabel('Weight') legend('4 cylinders','6 cylinders','8 cylinders') title('Fitted Labels for Unlabeled Data') hold off
Input Arguments
Tbl
— Labeled sample data
table
Labeled sample data, specified as a table. Each row of Tbl
corresponds to one observation, and each column corresponds to one predictor.
Optionally, Tbl
can contain one additional column for the response
variable (vector of labels). Multicolumn variables and cell arrays other than cell
arrays of character vectors are not supported.
If Tbl
contains the response variable, and you want to use all
remaining variables in Tbl
as predictors, then specify the response
variable using ResponseVarName
.
If Tbl
contains the response variable, and you want to use only
a subset of the remaining variables in Tbl
as predictors, specify a
formula using formula
.
If Tbl
does not contain the response variable, specify a
response variable using Y
. The length of the response variable and
the number of rows in Tbl
must be equal.
Data Types: table
UnlabeledTbl
— Unlabeled sample data
table
Unlabeled sample data, specified as a table. Each row of
UnlabeledTbl
corresponds to one observation, and each column
corresponds to one predictor. UnlabeledTbl
must contain the same
predictors as those contained in Tbl
.
Data Types: table
ResponseVarName
— Response variable name
name of variable in Tbl
Response variable name, specified as the name of a variable in
Tbl
. The response variable contains the class labels for the
sample data in Tbl
.
You must specify ResponseVarName
as a character vector or string
scalar. For example, if the response variable Y
is stored as
Tbl.Y
, then specify it as 'Y'
. Otherwise, the
software treats all columns of Tbl
, including Y
,
as predictors.
The response variable must be a categorical, character, or string array, a logical
or numeric vector, or a cell array of character vectors. If Y
is a
character array, then each element of the response variable must correspond to one row
of the array.
A good practice is to specify the order of the classes by using the
ClassNames
name-value pair argument.
Data Types: char
| string
formula
— Explanatory model of response variable and subset of predictor variables
character vector | string scalar
Explanatory model of the response variable and a subset of the predictor variables,
specified as a character vector or string scalar in the form
'Y~X1+X2+X3'
. In this form, Y
represents the
response variable, and X1
, X2
, and
X3
represent the predictor variables.
To specify a subset of variables in Tbl
as predictors, use a
formula. If you specify a formula, then the software does not use any variables in
Tbl
that do not appear in formula
.
The variable names in the formula must be both variable names in Tbl
(Tbl.Properties.VariableNames
) and valid MATLAB® identifiers. You can verify the variable names in Tbl
by
using the isvarname
function. If the variable names
are not valid, then you can convert them by using the matlab.lang.makeValidName
function.
Data Types: char
| string
Y
— Class labels
numeric vector | categorical vector | logical vector | character array | string array | cell array of character vectors
Class labels, specified as a numeric, categorical, or logical vector, a character or string array, or a cell array of character vectors.
If
Y
is a character array, then each element of the class labels must correspond to one row of the array.The length of
Y
must be equal to the number of rows inTbl
orX
.A good practice is to specify the class order by using the
ClassNames
name-value pair argument.
Data Types: single
| double
| categorical
| logical
| char
| string
| cell
X
— Labeled predictor data
numeric matrix
Labeled predictor data, specified as a numeric matrix.
By default, each row of X
corresponds to one observation, and
each column corresponds to one predictor.
The length of Y
and the number of observations in
X
must be equal.
To specify the names of the predictors in the order of their appearance in
X
, use the PredictorNames
name-value pair
argument.
Data Types: single
| double
UnlabeledX
— Unlabeled predictor data
numeric matrix
Unlabeled predictor data, specified as a numeric matrix. By default, each row of
UnlabeledX
corresponds to one observation, and each column
corresponds to one predictor. UnlabeledX
must have the same
predictors as X
, in the same order.
Data Types: single
| double
Note
The software treats NaN
, empty character vector
(''
), empty string (""
),
<missing>
, and <undefined>
elements as
missing data. Whether the software removes observations with missing values depends on the
underlying classifier type (Learner
).
Name-Value Arguments
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose
Name
in quotes.
Example: fitsemiself(Tbl,'Y',UnlabeledTbl,'Learner',templateSVM('Standardize',true),'IterationLimit',2e3)
specifies to use a binary support vector machine (SVM) learner, standardize the numeric
predictors, and run a maximum of 2000 iterations.
Learner
— Underlying classifier type
'svm'
| 'discriminant'
| 'kernel'
| 'knn'
| 'linear'
| 'naivebayes'
| 'tree'
| ...
Underlying classifier type, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of
'Learner'
and one of the values in this table.
Value | Description |
---|---|
'discriminant' or templateDiscriminant
object | Discriminant analysis classifier |
templateECOC object | Multiclass error-correcting output codes (ECOC) model —
templateECOC('Learners',templateSVM('KernelFunction','gaussian'))
is the default for multiclass classification. |
templateEnsemble object | Ensemble classification model |
'kernel' or templateKernel object | Kernel classification model (for binary classification only) |
'knn' or templateKNN object | k-nearest neighbor model |
'linear' or templateLinear object | Linear classification model (for binary classification only) |
'svm' or templateSVM object | Support vector machine (SVM) classifier (for binary classification
only) — templateSVM('KernelFunction','gaussian') is the
default for binary classification. |
'tree' or templateTree object | Binary decision classification tree |
Example: 'Learner','tree'
Example: 'Learner',templateEnsemble('AdaBoostM1',100,'tree')
IterationLimit
— Maximum number of self-training iterations
1e3
(default) | positive integer scalar
Maximum number of self-training iterations, specified as the comma-separated pair
consisting of 'IterationLimit'
and a positive integer scalar. The
fitsemiself
function returns Mdl
, which
contains the fitted labels and scores, when this limit is reached, even if the
algorithm does not converge.
Example: 'IterationLimit',2e3
Data Types: single
| double
ScoreThreshold
— Score threshold for fitted labels
numeric scalar
Score threshold for fitted labels, specified as the comma-separated pair
consisting of 'ScoreThreshold'
and a numeric scalar. At each
iteration of the algorithm, the software makes label predictions for the unlabeled
observations by using the specified Learner
, and calculates
scores for these predictions. Unlabeled observations with prediction scores greater
than or equal to the score threshold are treated as labeled observations in the next
iteration, where the label is the predicted label. By default,
ScoreThreshold
is 0.1
for binary
classification and –0.1
for multiclass classification.
Example: 'ScoreThreshold',0.2
Data Types: single
| double
CategoricalPredictors
— Categorical predictors list
vector of positive integers | logical vector | character matrix | string array | cell array of character vectors | 'all'
Categorical predictors list, specified as one of the values in this table. The descriptions assume that the predictor data has observations in rows and predictors in columns.
Value | Description |
---|---|
Vector of positive integers |
Each entry in the vector is an index value indicating that the corresponding predictor is
categorical. The index values are between 1 and If |
Logical vector |
A |
Character matrix | Each row of the matrix is the name of a predictor variable. The names must match the entries in PredictorNames . Pad the names with extra blanks so each row of the character matrix has the same length. |
String array or cell array of character vectors | Each element in the array is the name of a predictor variable. The names must match the entries in PredictorNames . |
"all" | All predictors are categorical. |
By default, if the predictor data is in a table, fitsemiself
assumes that a variable is categorical if it is a logical vector, categorical vector,
character array, string array, or cell array of character vectors. However, learners
that use decision trees assume that mathematically ordered categorical vectors are
continuous variables. If the predictor data is a matrix,
fitsemiself
assumes that all predictors are continuous. To
identify any other predictors as categorical predictors, specify them by using the
'CategoricalPredictors'
name-value pair argument.
For more information on how different fitting functions and, therefore, different learners treat categorical predictors, see Automatic Creation of Dummy Variables.
Example: 'CategoricalPredictors','all'
Data Types: single
| double
| logical
| char
| string
| cell
ClassNames
— Names of classes to use for labeling
categorical array | character array | string array | logical vector | numeric vector | cell array of character vectors
Names of the classes to use for labeling, specified as the comma-separated pair
consisting of 'ClassNames'
and a categorical, character, or string
array, a logical or numeric vector, or a cell array of character vectors.
ClassNames
must have the same data type as
Y
.
If ClassNames
is a character array, then each element must
correspond to one row of the array.
Use 'ClassNames'
to:
Order the classes.
Specify the order of any input or output argument dimension that corresponds to the class order. For example, use
'ClassNames'
to specify the column order of classification scores inMdl.LabelScores
.Select a subset of classes for labeling. For example, suppose that the set of all distinct class names in
Y
is{'a','b','c'}
. To train the underlying classifierLearner
using observations from classes'a'
and'c'
only, specify'ClassNames',{'a','c'}
.
The default value for ClassNames
is the set of all distinct
class names in Y
.
Example: 'ClassNames',{'b','g'}
Data Types: categorical
| char
| string
| logical
| single
| double
| cell
PredictorNames
— Predictor variable names
string array of unique names | cell array of unique character vectors
Predictor variable names, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of
'PredictorNames'
and a string array of unique names or cell array
of unique character vectors. The functionality of 'PredictorNames'
depends on the way you supply predictor data.
If you supply
X
,Y
, andUnlabeledX
, then you can use'PredictorNames'
to assign names to the predictor variables inX
andUnlabeledX
.The order of the names in
PredictorNames
must correspond to the column order ofX
. Assuming thatX
has the default orientation, with observations in rows and predictors in columns,PredictorNames{1}
is the name ofX(:,1)
,PredictorNames{2}
is the name ofX(:,2)
, and so on. Also,size(X,2)
andnumel(PredictorNames)
must be equal.By default,
PredictorNames
is{'x1','x2',...}
.
If you supply
Tbl
andUnlabeledTbl
, then you can use'PredictorNames'
to choose which predictor variables to use. That is,fitsemiself
uses only the predictor variables inPredictorNames
and the response variable to label the unlabeled data.PredictorNames
must be a subset ofTbl.Properties.VariableNames
and cannot include the name of the response variable.By default,
PredictorNames
contains the names of all predictor variables.A good practice is to specify the predictors using either
'PredictorNames'
orformula
, but not both.
Example: 'PredictorNames',{'SepalLength','SepalWidth','PetalLength','PetalWidth'}
Data Types: string
| cell
ResponseName
— Response variable name
'Y'
(default) | character vector | string scalar
Response variable name, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of
'ResponseName'
and a character vector or string scalar.
If you supply
Y
, then you can use'ResponseName'
to specify a name for the response variable.If you supply
ResponseVarName
orformula
, then you cannot use'ResponseName'
.
Example: 'ResponseName','response'
Data Types: char
| string
NumBins
— Number of bins for numeric predictors
[]
(default) | positive integer scalar
Number of bins for the numeric predictors, specified as the comma-separated pair
consisting of 'NumBins'
and a positive integer scalar.
If the
'NumBins'
value is empty (default), then the software does not bin any predictors.If you specify the
'NumBins'
value as a positive integer scalar, then the software bins every numeric predictor into a specified number of equiprobable bins, and then grows trees on the bin indices instead of the original data.If the
'NumBins'
value exceeds the number (u) of unique values for a predictor, thenfitsemiself
bins the predictor into u bins.fitsemiself
does not bin categorical predictors.
When you use a large data set, this binning option speeds up classifier training, but causes a potential decrease in accuracy. You can try
'NumBins',50
first, and then change the'NumBins'
value depending on the accuracy and training speed.
Note
This argument is valid only when the Learner
value is a
templateECOC
or templateEnsemble
object
that uses tree learners.
Example: 'NumBins',50
Data Types: single
| double
ObservationsIn
— Observation dimension for predictor data X
and UnlabeledX
'rows'
(default) | 'columns'
Observation dimension for the predictor data X
and
UnlabeledX
, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of
'ObservationsIn'
and 'rows'
or
'columns'
. For linear classification models, if you orient
X
and UnlabeledX
so that observations
correspond to columns and specify 'ObservationsIn','columns'
, then
you can experience a reduction in execution time.
Note
The 'columns'
value is valid only when the
Learner
value is a binary linear classification model
('linear'
or templateLinear
) or an ECOC
model with linear binary learners (for example,
templateECOC('Learners','linear')
.
Example: 'ObservationsIn','columns'
Data Types: char
| string
Output Arguments
Mdl
— Semi-supervised self-training classifier
SemiSupervisedSelfTrainingModel
object
Semi-supervised self-training classifier, returned as a SemiSupervisedSelfTrainingModel
object. Use dot notation to access the
object properties. For example, to get the fitted labels for the unlabeled data and
their corresponding scores, enter Mdl.FittedLabels
and
Mdl.LabelScores
, respectively.
Algorithms
The algorithm begins by training a user-specified classifier
(Learner
), first trained on the labeled data alone, and then uses that
classifier to make label predictions for the unlabeled data. Next, the algorithm provides
scores for the predictions, and then treats the predictions as true labels for the next
training cycle of the classifier if the scores are above a threshold
(ScoreThreshold
). This process repeats until the label predictions
converge or the iteration limit (IterationLimit
) is reached.
References
[1] Abney, Steven. “Understanding the Yarowsky Algorithm.” Computational Linguistics 30, no. 3 (September 2004): 365–95. https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201041850876.
[2] Yarowsky, David. “Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation Rivaling Supervised Methods.” Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 189–96. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1995. https://doi.org/10.3115/981658.981684.
Version History
Introduced in R2020b
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