convolution3dLayer
3-D convolutional layer
Description
A 3-D convolutional layer applies sliding cuboidal convolution filters to 3-D input. The layer convolves the input by moving the filters along the input vertically, horizontally, and along the depth, computing the dot product of the weights and the input, and then adding a bias term.
The dimensions that the layer convolves over depends on the layer input:
For 3-D image input (data with five dimensions corresponding to pixels in three spatial dimensions, the channels, and the observations), the layer convolves over the spatial dimensions.
For 3-D image sequence input (data with six dimensions corresponding to the pixels in three spatial dimensions, the channels, the observations, and the time steps), the layer convolves over the spatial dimensions.
For 2-D image sequence input (data with five dimensions corresponding to the pixels in two spatial dimensions, the channels, the observations, and the time steps), the layer convolves over the spatial and time dimensions.
Creation
Syntax
Description
creates a 3-D convolutional layer and sets the layer
= convolution3dLayer(filterSize
,numFilters
)FilterSize
and NumFilters
properties.
sets optional properties using one or more name-value arguments.layer
= convolution3dLayer(filterSize
,numFilters
,Name=Value
)
Input Arguments
filterSize
— Height, width, and depth of filters
vector of three positive integers | positive integer
Height, width, and depth of the filters, specified as a vector
[h w d]
of three positive integers, where
h
is the height, w
is the
width, and d
is the depth.
filterSize
defines the size of the local
regions to which the neurons connect in the input.
When creating the layer, you can specify
filterSize
as a scalar to use the same value
for the height, width, and depth.
Example:
[5 5 5]
specifies filters with a height, width, and
depth of 5.
numFilters
— Number of filters
positive integer
Number of filters, specified as a positive integer. This number corresponds to the number of neurons in the layer that connect to the same region in the input. This parameter determines the number of channels (feature maps) in the layer output.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Specify optional pairs of arguments as
Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN
, where Name
is
the argument name and Value
is the corresponding value.
Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the
pairs does not matter.
Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose
Name
in quotes.
Example: convolution3dLayer(3,16,Padding="same")
creates a
3-D convolutional layer with 16 filters of size [3 3 3]
and
"same"
padding. At training time, the software calculates
and sets the size of the padding so that the layer output has the same size as
the input.
Stride
— Step size for traversing input
[1 1 1]
(default) | vector of three positive integers | positive integer
Step size for traversing the input in three dimensions, specified
as a vector [a b c]
of three positive integers,
where a
is the vertical step size,
b
is the horizontal step size, and
c
is the step size along the depth. When
creating the layer, you can specify Stride
as a
scalar to use the same value for step sizes in all three
directions.
Example:
[2 3 1]
specifies a vertical step size of 2, a
horizontal step size of 3, and a step size along the depth of
1.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
DilationFactor
— Factor for dilated convolution
[1 1 1]
(default) | vector of three positive integers | positive integer
Factor for dilated convolution (also known as atrous convolution),
specified as a vector [h w d]
of three positive
integers, where h
is the vertical dilation,
w
is the horizontal dilation, and
d
is the dilation along the depth. When
creating the layer, you can specify
DilationFactor
as a scalar to use the same
value for dilation in all three directions.
Use dilated convolutions to increase the receptive field (the area of the input which the layer can see) of the layer without increasing the number of parameters or computation.
The layer expands the filters by inserting zeros between each
filter element. The dilation factor determines the step size for
sampling the input or equivalently the upsampling factor of the
filter. It corresponds to an effective filter size of
(Filter Size – 1) .* Dilation
Factor + 1. For example, a 3-by-3-by-3 filter with the
dilation factor [2 2 2]
is equivalent to a
5-by-5-by-5 filter with zeros between the elements.
Example: [2 3 1]
dilates the filter vertically
by a factor of 2, horizontally by a factor of 3, and along the depth
by a factor of 1.
Padding
— Input edge padding
0
(default) | array of nonnegative integers | "same"
Input edge padding, specified as one of these values:
"same"
— Add padding of size calculated by the software at training or prediction time so that the output has the same size as the input when the stride equals 1. If the stride is larger than 1, then the output size isceil(inputSize/stride)
, whereinputSize
is the height, width, or depth of the input andstride
is the stride in the corresponding dimension. The software adds the same amount of padding to the top and bottom, to the left and right, and to the front and back, if possible. If the padding in a given dimension has an odd value, then the software adds the extra padding to the input as postpadding. In other words, the software adds extra vertical padding to the bottom, extra horizontal padding to the right, and extra depth padding to the back of the input.Nonnegative integer
p
— Add padding of sizep
to all the edges of the input.Three-element vector
[a b c]
of nonnegative integers — Add padding of sizea
to the top and bottom, padding of sizeb
to the left and right, and padding of sizec
to the front and back of the input.2-by-3 matrix
[t l f;b r k]
of nonnegative integers — Add padding of sizet
to the top,b
to the bottom,l
to the left,r
to the right,f
to the front, andk
to the back of the input. In other words, the top row specifies the prepadding and the second row defines the postpadding in the three dimensions.
Example:
Padding=1
adds one row of padding to the top and bottom, one column
of padding to the left and right, and one plane of padding to the front and back of the
input.
Example:
Padding="same"
adds padding so that the output has the same size as
the input (if the stride equals 1).
PaddingValue
— Value to pad data
0 (default) | scalar | "symmetric-include-edge"
| "symmetric-exclude-edge"
| "replicate"
Value to pad data, specified as one of the following:
PaddingValue | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
Scalar | Pad with the specified scalar value. |
|
"symmetric-include-edge" | Pad using mirrored values of the input, including the edge values. |
|
"symmetric-exclude-edge" | Pad using mirrored values of the input, excluding the edge values. |
|
"replicate" | Pad using repeated border elements of the input |
|
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
| char
| string
NumChannels
— Number of input channels
"auto"
(default) | positive integer
Number of input channels, specified as one of the following:
"auto"
— Automatically determine the number of input channels at training time.Positive integer — Configure the layer for the specified number of input channels.
NumChannels
and the number of channels in the layer input data must match. For example, if the input is an RGB image, thenNumChannels
must be 3. If the input is the output of a convolutional layer with 16 filters, thenNumChannels
must be 16.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
| char
| string
WeightsInitializer
— Function to initialize weights
"glorot"
(default) | "he"
| "narrow-normal"
| "zeros"
| "ones"
| function handle
Function to initialize the weights, specified as one of the following:
"glorot"
– Initialize the weights with the Glorot initializer [1] (also known as Xavier initializer). The Glorot initializer independently samples from a uniform distribution with zero mean and variance2/(numIn + numOut)
, wherenumIn = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumChannels
andnumOut = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumFilters
."he"
– Initialize the weights with the He initializer [2]. The He initializer samples from a normal distribution with zero mean and variance2/numIn
, wherenumIn = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumChannels
."narrow-normal"
– Initialize the weights by independently sampling from a normal distribution with zero mean and standard deviation 0.01."zeros"
– Initialize the weights with zeros."ones"
– Initialize the weights with ones.Function handle – Initialize the weights with a custom function. If you specify a function handle, then the function must be of the form
weights = func(sz)
, wheresz
is the size of the weights. For an example, see Specify Custom Weight Initialization Function.
The layer only initializes the weights when the
Weights
property is empty.
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
BiasInitializer
— Function to initialize biases
"zeros"
(default) | "narrow-normal"
| "ones"
| function handle
Function to initialize the biases, specified as one of these values:
"zeros"
— Initialize the biases with zeros."ones"
— Initialize the biases with ones."narrow-normal"
— Initialize the biases by independently sampling from a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 0.01.Function handle — Initialize the biases with a custom function. If you specify a function handle, then the function must have the form
bias = func(sz)
, wheresz
is the size of the biases.
The layer initializes the biases only when the
Bias
property is empty.
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
Weights
— Layer weights
[]
(default) | numeric array
Initial layer weights for the convolutional layer, specified as a numeric array.
The layer weights are learnable parameters. You can specify the initial value of the weights
directly using the Weights
property of the layer. When
you train a network, if the Weights
property of the layer
is nonempty, then the trainnet
function uses the Weights
property as the initial value.
If the Weights
property is empty, then the software uses
the initializer specified by the WeightsInitializer
property of the layer.
At training time, Weights
is a
FilterSize(1)
-by-FilterSize(2)
-by-FilterSize(3)
-by-NumChannels
-by-NumFilters
array.
Data Types: single
| double
Bias
— Layer biases
[]
(default) | numeric array
Initial layer biases for the convolutional layer, specified as a numeric array.
The layer biases are learnable parameters. When you train a
neural network, if Bias
is
nonempty, then the trainnet
and trainNetwork
functions use the Bias
property as the initial value. If Bias
is empty, then software uses the
initializer specified by BiasInitializer
.
At training time, Bias
is a
1-by-1-by-1-by-NumFilters
array.
Data Types: single
| double
WeightLearnRateFactor
— Learning rate factor for weights
1
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Learning rate factor for the weights, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global learning
rate to determine the learning rate for the weights in this
layer. For example, if
WeightLearnRateFactor
is
2
, then the learning rate for the weights
in this layer is twice the current global learning rate. The
software determines the global learning rate based on the
settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
BiasLearnRateFactor
— Learning rate factor for biases
1
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Learning rate factor for the biases, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global learning
rate to determine the learning rate for the biases in this
layer. For example, if BiasLearnRateFactor
is 2
, then the learning rate for the biases
in the layer is twice the current global learning rate. The
software determines the global learning rate based on the
settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
WeightL2Factor
— L2 regularization factor for weights
1 (default) | nonnegative scalar
L2 regularization factor for the weights, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global
L2
regularization factor to determine the
L2
regularization for the weights in this layer. For example, if
WeightL2Factor
is 2
,
then the L2
regularization for the weights in this layer is twice the global
L2
regularization factor. You can specify the global
L2
regularization factor using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
BiasL2Factor
— L2 regularization factor for biases
0
(default) | nonnegative scalar
L2 regularization factor for the biases, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global
L2
regularization factor to determine the
L2
regularization for the biases in this layer. For example, if
BiasL2Factor
is 2
,
then the L2
regularization for the biases in this layer is twice the global
L2
regularization factor. The software determines the global
L2
regularization factor based on the settings you specify using
the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Name
— Layer name
""
(default) | character vector | string scalar
Properties
3-D Convolution
FilterSize
— Height, width, and depth of filters
vector of three positive integers
Height, width, and depth of the filters, specified as a vector
[h w d]
of three positive integers, where
h
is the height, w
is the
width, and d
is the depth.
FilterSize
defines the size of the local
regions to which the neurons connect in the input.
When creating the layer, you can specify
FilterSize
as a scalar to use the same value
for the height, width, and depth.
Example:
[5 5 5]
specifies filters with a height, width, and
depth of 5.
NumFilters
— Number of filters
positive integer
This property is read-only.
Number of filters, specified as a positive integer. This number corresponds to the number of neurons in the layer that connect to the same region in the input. This parameter determines the number of channels (feature maps) in the layer output.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Stride
— Step size for traversing input
[1 1 1]
(default) | vector of three positive integers
Step size for traversing the input in three dimensions, specified as a vector
[a b c]
of three positive integers, where a
is
the vertical step size, b
is the horizontal step size, and
c
is the step size along the depth. When creating the layer, you
can specify Stride
as a scalar to use the same value for step sizes
in all three directions.
Example:
[2 3 1]
specifies a vertical step size of 2, a horizontal step size
of 3, and a step size along the depth of 1.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
DilationFactor
— Factor for dilated convolution
[1 1 1]
(default) | vector of three positive integers
Factor for dilated convolution (also known as atrous convolution),
specified as a vector [h w d]
of three positive
integers, where h
is the vertical dilation,
w
is the horizontal dilation, and
d
is the dilation along the depth. When creating
the layer, you can specify DilationFactor
as a
scalar to use the same value for dilation in all three
directions.
Use dilated convolutions to increase the receptive field (the area of the input which the layer can see) of the layer without increasing the number of parameters or computation.
The layer expands the filters by inserting zeros between each filter
element. The dilation factor determines the step size for sampling the
input or equivalently the upsampling factor of the filter. It
corresponds to an effective filter size of (Filter
Size – 1) .* Dilation Factor + 1. For
example, a 3-by-3-by-3 filter with the dilation factor [2 2
2]
is equivalent to a 5-by-5-by-5 filter with zeros
between the elements.
Example: [2 3 1]
dilates the filter vertically by a
factor of 2, horizontally by a factor of 3, and along the depth by a
factor of 1.
PaddingSize
— Size of padding
[0 0 0;0 0 0]
(default) | 2-by-3 matrix of nonnegative integers
Size of padding to apply to input borders, specified as 2-by-3 matrix
[t l f;b r k]
of nonnegative
integers, where t
and b
are the padding applied to the top and bottom in the vertical
direction, l
and r
are the
padding applied to the left and right in the horizontal
direction, and f
and k
are
the padding applied to the front and back along the depth. In
other words, the top row specifies the prepadding and the second
row defines the postpadding in the three dimensions.
When you create a layer, use the Padding
name-value argument to specify the padding size.
Example:
[1 2 4; 1 2 4]
adds one row of padding to the
top and bottom, two columns of padding to the left and right,
and four planes of padding to the front and back of the
input.
PaddingMode
— Method to determine padding size
"manual"
(default) | "same"
Method to determine padding size, specified as "manual"
or
"same"
.
The software automatically sets the value of PaddingMode
based on the Padding argument value you specify when creating a layer.
If you set the
Padding
argument to a scalar or a vector of nonnegative integers, then the software automatically setsPaddingMode
to"manual"
.If you set the
Padding
argument to"same"
, then the software automatically setsPaddingMode
to"same"
and calculates the size of the padding at training time so that the output has the same size as the input when the stride equals 1. If the stride is larger than 1, then the output size isceil(inputSize/stride)
, whereinputSize
is the height, width, or depth of the input andstride
is the stride in the corresponding dimension. The software adds the same amount of padding to the top and bottom, to the left and right, and to the front and back, if possible. If the padding in a given dimension has an odd value, then the software adds the extra padding to the input as postpadding. In other words, the software adds extra vertical padding to the bottom, extra horizontal padding to the right, and extra depth padding to the back of the input.
The Convolution3DLayer
object stores this property as a character vector.
PaddingValue
— Value to pad data
0 (default) | scalar | "symmetric-include-edge"
| "symmetric-exclude-edge"
| "replicate"
Value to pad data, specified as one of these values:
PaddingValue | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
Scalar | Pad with the specified scalar value. |
|
"symmetric-include-edge" | Pad using mirrored values of the input, including the edge values. |
|
"symmetric-exclude-edge" | Pad using mirrored values of the input, excluding the edge values. |
|
"replicate" | Pad using repeated border elements of the input |
|
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
| char
| string
NumChannels
— Number of input channels
"auto"
(default) | positive integer
This property is read-only.
Number of input channels, specified as one of the following:
"auto"
— Automatically determine the number of input channels at training time.Positive integer — Configure the layer for the specified number of input channels.
NumChannels
and the number of channels in the layer input data must match. For example, if the input is an RGB image, thenNumChannels
must be 3. If the input is the output of a convolutional layer with 16 filters, thenNumChannels
must be 16.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
| char
| string
Parameters and Initialization
WeightsInitializer
— Function to initialize weights
"glorot"
(default) | "he"
| "narrow-normal"
| "zeros"
| "ones"
| function handle
Function to initialize the weights, specified as one of the following:
"glorot"
– Initialize the weights with the Glorot initializer [1] (also known as Xavier initializer). The Glorot initializer independently samples from a uniform distribution with zero mean and variance2/(numIn + numOut)
, wherenumIn = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumChannels
andnumOut = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumFilters
."he"
– Initialize the weights with the He initializer [2]. The He initializer samples from a normal distribution with zero mean and variance2/numIn
, wherenumIn = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumChannels
."narrow-normal"
– Initialize the weights by independently sampling from a normal distribution with zero mean and standard deviation 0.01."zeros"
– Initialize the weights with zeros."ones"
– Initialize the weights with ones.Function handle – Initialize the weights with a custom function. If you specify a function handle, then the function must be of the form
weights = func(sz)
, wheresz
is the size of the weights. For an example, see Specify Custom Weight Initialization Function.
The layer only initializes the weights when the Weights
property is empty.
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
BiasInitializer
— Function to initialize biases
"zeros"
(default) | "narrow-normal"
| "ones"
| function handle
Function to initialize the biases, specified as one of these values:
"zeros"
— Initialize the biases with zeros."ones"
— Initialize the biases with ones."narrow-normal"
— Initialize the biases by independently sampling from a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 0.01.Function handle — Initialize the biases with a custom function. If you specify a function handle, then the function must have the form
bias = func(sz)
, wheresz
is the size of the biases.
The layer initializes the biases only when the Bias
property is
empty.
The Convolution3DLayer
object stores this property as a character vector or a
function handle.
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
Weights
— Layer weights
[]
(default) | numeric array
Layer weights for the convolutional layer, specified as a numeric array.
The layer weights are learnable parameters. You can specify the initial value of the weights
directly using the Weights
property of the layer. When
you train a network, if the Weights
property of the layer
is nonempty, then the trainnet
function uses the Weights
property as the initial value.
If the Weights
property is empty, then the software uses
the initializer specified by the WeightsInitializer
property of the layer.
At training time, Weights
is a
FilterSize(1)
-by-FilterSize(2)
-by-FilterSize(3)
-by-NumChannels
-by-NumFilters
array.
Data Types: single
| double
Bias
— Layer biases
[]
(default) | numeric array
Layer biases for the convolutional layer, specified as a numeric array.
The layer biases are learnable parameters. When you train a neural network, if Bias
is nonempty, then the trainnet
function uses the Bias
property as the initial value. If
Bias
is empty, then software uses the initializer
specified by BiasInitializer
.
At training time, Bias
is a
1-by-1-by-1-by-NumFilters
array.
Data Types: single
| double
Learning Rate and Regularization
WeightLearnRateFactor
— Learning rate factor for weights
1
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Learning rate factor for the weights, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global learning rate to determine the learning rate for the weights in this layer. For example, if WeightLearnRateFactor
is 2
, then the learning rate for the weights in this layer is twice the current global learning rate. The software determines the global learning rate based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
BiasLearnRateFactor
— Learning rate factor for biases
1
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Learning rate factor for the biases, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global learning rate to determine the learning rate for the biases in this layer. For example, if BiasLearnRateFactor
is 2
, then the learning rate for the biases in the layer is twice the current global learning rate. The software determines the global learning rate based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
WeightL2Factor
— L2 regularization factor for
weights
1 (default) | nonnegative scalar
L2 regularization factor for the weights, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global L2 regularization factor to determine the L2 regularization for the weights in this layer. For example, if WeightL2Factor
is 2
, then the L2 regularization for the weights in this layer is twice the global L2 regularization factor. You can specify the global L2 regularization factor using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
BiasL2Factor
— L2 regularization factor for biases
0
(default) | nonnegative scalar
L2 regularization factor for the biases, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global L2 regularization factor to determine the L2 regularization for the biases in this layer. For example, if BiasL2Factor
is 2
, then the L2 regularization for the biases in this layer is twice the global L2 regularization factor. The software determines the global L2 regularization factor based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Layer
Name
— Layer name
""
(default) | character vector | string scalar
NumInputs
— Number of inputs
1
(default)
This property is read-only.
Number of inputs to the layer, returned as 1
. This layer accepts a
single input only.
Data Types: double
InputNames
— Input names
{'in'}
(default)
This property is read-only.
Input names, returned as {'in'}
. This layer accepts a single input
only.
Data Types: cell
NumOutputs
— Number of outputs
1
(default)
This property is read-only.
Number of outputs from the layer, returned as 1
. This layer has a
single output only.
Data Types: double
OutputNames
— Output names
{'out'}
(default)
This property is read-only.
Output names, returned as {'out'}
. This layer has a single output
only.
Data Types: cell
Examples
Create 3-D Convolution Layer
Create a 3-D convolution layer with 16 filters, each with a height, width, and depth of 5. Use a stride (step size) of 4 in all three directions.
layer = convolution3dLayer(5,16,Stride=4)
layer = Convolution3DLayer with properties: Name: '' Hyperparameters FilterSize: [5 5 5] NumChannels: 'auto' NumFilters: 16 Stride: [4 4 4] DilationFactor: [1 1 1] PaddingMode: 'manual' PaddingSize: [2x3 double] PaddingValue: 0 Learnable Parameters Weights: [] Bias: [] Use properties method to see a list of all properties.
Include a 3-D convolution layer in a Layer
array.
layers = [ ...
image3dInputLayer([28 28 28 3])
convolution3dLayer(5,16,Stride=4)
reluLayer
maxPooling3dLayer(2,Stride=4)
fullyConnectedLayer(10)
softmaxLayer]
layers = 6x1 Layer array with layers: 1 '' 3-D Image Input 28x28x28x3 images with 'zerocenter' normalization 2 '' 3-D Convolution 16 5x5x5 convolutions with stride [4 4 4] and padding [0 0 0; 0 0 0] 3 '' ReLU ReLU 4 '' 3-D Max Pooling 2x2x2 max pooling with stride [4 4 4] and padding [0 0 0; 0 0 0] 5 '' Fully Connected 10 fully connected layer 6 '' Softmax softmax
Specify Initial Weights and Biases in 3-D Convolutional Layer
To specify the weights and bias initializer functions, use the WeightsInitializer
and BiasInitializer
properties respectively. To specify the weights and biases directly, use the Weights
and Bias
properties respectively.
Specify Initialization Functions
Create a 3-D convolutional layer with 32 filters, each with a height, width, and depth of 5. Specify the weights initializer to be the He initializer.
filterSize = 5; numFilters = 32; layer = convolution3dLayer(filterSize,numFilters, ... 'WeightsInitializer','he')
layer = Convolution3DLayer with properties: Name: '' Hyperparameters FilterSize: [5 5 5] NumChannels: 'auto' NumFilters: 32 Stride: [1 1 1] DilationFactor: [1 1 1] PaddingMode: 'manual' PaddingSize: [2x3 double] PaddingValue: 0 Learnable Parameters Weights: [] Bias: [] Use properties method to see a list of all properties.
Note that the Weights
and Bias
properties are empty. At training time, the software initializes these properties using the specified initialization functions.
Specify Custom Initialization Functions
To specify your own initialization function for the weights and biases, set the WeightsInitializer
and BiasInitializer
properties to a function handle. For these properties, specify function handles that take the size of the weights and biases as input and output the initialized value.
Create a convolutional layer with 32 filters, each with a height, width, and depth of 5. Specify initializers that sample the weights and biases from a Gaussian distribution with a standard deviation of 0.0001.
filterSize = 5; numFilters = 32; layer = convolution3dLayer(filterSize,numFilters, ... 'WeightsInitializer', @(sz) rand(sz) * 0.0001, ... 'BiasInitializer', @(sz) rand(sz) * 0.0001)
layer = Convolution3DLayer with properties: Name: '' Hyperparameters FilterSize: [5 5 5] NumChannels: 'auto' NumFilters: 32 Stride: [1 1 1] DilationFactor: [1 1 1] PaddingMode: 'manual' PaddingSize: [2x3 double] PaddingValue: 0 Learnable Parameters Weights: [] Bias: [] Use properties method to see a list of all properties.
Again, the Weights
and Bias
properties are empty. At training time, the software initializes these properties using the specified initialization functions.
Specify Weights and Bias Directly
Create a 3-D convolutional layer compatible with color images. Set the weights and bias to W
and b
in the MAT file Conv3dWeights.mat
respectively.
filterSize = 5; numFilters = 32; load Conv3dWeights layer = convolution3dLayer(filterSize,numFilters, ... 'Weights',W, ... 'Bias',b)
layer = Convolution3DLayer with properties: Name: '' Hyperparameters FilterSize: [5 5 5] NumChannels: 3 NumFilters: 32 Stride: [1 1 1] DilationFactor: [1 1 1] PaddingMode: 'manual' PaddingSize: [2x3 double] PaddingValue: 0 Learnable Parameters Weights: [5-D double] Bias: [1x1x1x32 double] Use properties method to see a list of all properties.
Here, the Weights
and Bias
properties contain the specified values. At training time, if these properties are non-empty, then the software uses the specified values as the initial weights and biases. In this case, the software does not use the initializer functions.
Create Convolutional Layer That Fully Covers 3-D Input
Suppose the size of the input is 28-by-28-by-28-by-1. Create a 3-D convolutional layer with 16 filters, each with a height of 6, a width of 4, and a depth of 5. Set the stride in all dimensions to 4.
Make sure the convolution covers the input completely. For the convolution to fully cover the input, the output dimensions must be integer numbers. When there is no dilation, the i-th output dimension is calculated as (imageSize(i) - filterSize(i) + padding(i)) / stride(i) + 1.
For the horizontal output dimension to be an integer, two rows of padding are required: (28 – 6 + 2)/4 + 1 = 7. Distribute the padding symmetrically by adding one row of padding at the top and bottom of the image.
For the vertical output dimension to be an integer, no padding is required: (28 – 4+ 0)/4 + 1 = 7.
For the depth output dimension to be an integer, one plane of padding is required: (28 – 5 + 1)/4 + 1 = 7. You must distribute the padding asymmetrically across the front and back of the image. This example adds one plane of padding to the back of the image.
Construct the convolutional layer. Specify 'Padding'
as a 2-by-3 matrix. The first row specifies prepadding and the second row specifies postpadding in the three dimensions.
layer = convolution3dLayer([6 4 5],16,'Stride',4,'Padding',[1 0 0;1 0 1])
layer = Convolution3DLayer with properties: Name: '' Hyperparameters FilterSize: [6 4 5] NumChannels: 'auto' NumFilters: 16 Stride: [4 4 4] DilationFactor: [1 1 1] PaddingMode: 'manual' PaddingSize: [2x3 double] PaddingValue: 0 Learnable Parameters Weights: [] Bias: [] Use properties method to see a list of all properties.
Algorithms
3-D Convolutional Layer
A convolutional layer applies sliding convolutional filters to
the input. A 3-D convolutional layer extends the functionality of a 2-D
convolutional layer to a third dimension, depth. The layer convolves the input by
moving the filters along the input vertically, horizontally, and along the depth,
computing the dot product of the weights and the input, and then adding a bias term.
To learn more, see the definition of convolutional
layer on the convolution2dLayer
reference page.
The dimensions that the layer convolves over depends on the layer input:
For 3-D image input (data with five dimensions corresponding to pixels in three spatial dimensions, the channels, and the observations), the layer convolves over the spatial dimensions.
For 3-D image sequence input (data with six dimensions corresponding to the pixels in three spatial dimensions, the channels, the observations, and the time steps), the layer convolves over the spatial dimensions.
For 2-D image sequence input (data with five dimensions corresponding to the pixels in two spatial dimensions, the channels, the observations, and the time steps), the layer convolves over the spatial and time dimensions.
Layer Input and Output Formats
Layers in a layer array or layer graph pass data to subsequent layers as formatted dlarray
objects.
The format of a dlarray
object is a string of characters in which each
character describes the corresponding dimension of the data. The formats consist of one or
more of these characters:
"S"
— Spatial"C"
— Channel"B"
— Batch"T"
— Time"U"
— Unspecified
For example, you can describe 2-D image data that is represented as a 4-D array, where the
first two dimensions correspond to the spatial dimensions of the images, the third
dimension corresponds to the channels of the images, and the fourth dimension
corresponds to the batch dimension, as having the format "SSCB"
(spatial, spatial, channel, batch).
You can interact with these dlarray
objects in automatic differentiation
workflows, such as those for developing a custom layer, using a functionLayer
object, or using the forward
and predict
functions with
dlnetwork
objects.
This table shows the supported input formats of Convolution3DLayer
objects and the
corresponding output format. If the software passes the output of the layer to a custom
layer that does not inherit from the nnet.layer.Formattable
class, or a
FunctionLayer
object with the Formattable
property
set to 0
(false
), then the layer receives an
unformatted dlarray
object with dimensions ordered according to the formats
in this table. The formats listed here are only a subset. The layer may support additional
formats such as formats with additional "S"
(spatial) or
"U"
(unspecified) dimensions.
Input Format | Output Format |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In dlnetwork
objects, Convolution3DLayer
objects also
support these input and output format combinations.
Input Format | Output Format |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
References
[1] Glorot, Xavier, and Yoshua Bengio. "Understanding the Difficulty of Training Deep Feedforward Neural Networks." In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, 249–356. Sardinia, Italy: AISTATS, 2010. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/glorot10a/glorot10a.pdf
[2] He, Kaiming, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun. "Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 1026–34. Santiago, Chile: IEEE, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2015.123
Version History
Introduced in R2019a
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