Main Content

Induction Machine Squirrel Cage

Squirrel-cage-rotor induction machine with per-unit or SI parameterization

  • Induction Machine Squirrel Cage block

Libraries:
Simscape / Electrical / Electromechanical / Asynchronous

Description

The Induction Machine Squirrel Cage block models a squirrel-cage-rotor induction machine with fundamental parameters expressed in per-unit or in the International System of Units (SI). A squirrel-cage-rotor induction machine is a type of induction machine. All stator connections are accessible on the block. Therefore, you can model soft-start regimes using a switch between wye and delta configurations. If you need access to the rotor windings, use the Induction Machine Wound Rotor block instead.

Connect port ~1 to a three-phase circuit. To connect the stator in delta configuration, connect a Phase Permute block between ports ~1 and ~2. To connect the stator in wye configuration, connect port ~2 to a Grounded Neutral (Three-Phase) or a Floating Neutral (Three-Phase) block.

Induction Machine Initialization Using Load-Flow Target Values

If the block is in a network that is compatible with the frequency-time simulation mode, you can perform a load-flow analysis on the network. A load-flow analysis provides steady-state values that you can use to initialize the machine.

For more information, see Perform a Load-Flow Analysis Using Simscape Electrical and Frequency and Time Simulation Mode. For an example that shows how initialize an induction machine using data from a load flow analysis, see Induction Motor Initialization with Loadflow.

Equations

For the SI implementation, the block converts the SI values that you enter to per-unit values for simulation. The converted values are based on the machine being connected in a delta-winding configuration.

For the per-unit implementation, you must specify the resistances and inductances in the impedances tab based on the machine being connected in a delta-winding configuration.

For information on the relationship between SI and per-unit machine parameters, see Per-Unit Conversion for Machine Parameters. For information on per-unit parameterization, see Per-Unit System of Units.

The induction machine equations are expressed with respect to a synchronous reference frame, defined by

θe(t)=0t2πfrateddt,

where frated is the value of the Rated electrical frequency parameter.

The Park transformation maps stator equations to a reference frame that is stationary with respect to the rated electrical frequency. The Park transformation is defined by

Ps=23[cosθecos(θe2π3)cos(θe+2π3)sinθesin(θe2π3)sin(θe+2π3)121212],

where θe is the electrical angle.

The Park transformation is used to define the per-unit induction machine equations. The stator voltage equations are defined by

vds=1ωbasedψdsdtωψqs+Rsids,

vqs=1ωbasedψqsdt+ωψds+Rsiqs,

and

v0s=1ωbasedψ0sdt+Rsi0s,

where:

  • vds, vqs, and v0s are the d-axis, q-axis, and zero-sequence stator voltages, defined by

    [vdsvqsv0s]=Ps[vavbvc].

    va, vb, and vc are the stator voltages across ports ~1 and ~2.

  • ωbase is the per-unit base electrical speed.

  • ψds, ψqs, and ψ0s are the d-axis, q-axis, and zero-sequence stator flux linkages.

  • Rs is the stator resistance.

  • ids, iqs, and i0s are the d-axis, q-axis, and zero-sequence stator currents defined by

    [idsiqsi0s]=Ps[iaibic].

    ia, ib, and ic are the stator currents flowing from port ~1 to port ~2.

The rotor voltage equations are defined by

vdr=1ωbasedψdrdt(ωωr)ψqr+Rrdidr=0

and

vqr=1ωbasedψqrdt+(ωωr)ψdr+Rrdiqr=0,

where:

  • vdr and vqr are the d-axis and q-axis rotor voltages.

  • ψdr and ψqr are the d-axis and q-axis rotor flux linkages.

  • ω is the per-unit synchronous speed. For a synchronous reference frame, the value is 1.

  • ωr is the per-unit mechanical rotational speed.

  • Rrd is the rotor resistance referred to the stator.

  • idr and iqr are the d-axis and q-axis rotor currents.

The stator flux linkage equations are defined by

ψds=Lssids+Lmidr,

ψqs=Lssiqs+Lmiqr,

and

ψ0s=Lssi0s,

where Lss is the stator self-inductance and Lm is the magnetizing inductance.

The rotor flux linkage equations are defined by

ψdr=Lrrdidr+Lmids

and

ψqr=Lrrdiqr+Lmiqs,

where Lrrd is the rotor self-inductance referred to the stator.

The rotor torque is defined by

T=ψdsiqsψqsids.

The stator self-inductance Lss, stator leakage inductance Lls, and magnetizing inductance Lm are related by

Lss=Lls+Lm.

The rotor self-inductance Lrrd, rotor leakage inductance Llrd, and magnetizing inductance Lm are related by

Lrrd=Llrd+Lm.

When a saturation curve is provided, the equations to determine the saturated magnetizing inductance as a function of magnetizing flux are:

Lm_sat=f(ψm)

ψm=ψdm2+ψqm2

For no saturation, the equation reduces to

Lm_sat=Lm

Plotting and Display Options

You can perform plotting and display actions using the Electrical menu on the block context menu.

Right-click the block and, from the Electrical menu, select an option:

  • Display Base Values — Displays the machine per-unit base values in the MATLAB® Command Window.

  • Plot Torque Speed (SI) — Plots torque versus speed, both measured in SI units, in a MATLAB figure window using the current machine parameters.

  • Plot Torque Speed (pu) — Plots torque versus speed, both measured in per-unit, in a MATLAB figure window using the current machine parameters.

  • Plot Open-Circuit Saturation — Plots terminal voltage versus no-load line current, both in per-unit, in a MATLAB figure window. The plot contains three traces:

    • Unsaturated — Stator magnetizing inductance (unsaturated).

    • Saturated — Open-circuit lookup table (v versus i) you specify.

    • Derived — Open-circuit lookup table derived from the per-unit open-circuit lookup table (v versus i) you specify. This data is used to calculate the saturated magnetizing inductance, Lm_sat, and the saturation factor, Ks, versus magnetic flux linkage, ψm, characteristics.

  • Plot Saturation Factor — Plots saturation factor, Ks, versus magnetic flux linkage, ψm, in a MATLAB figure window using the machine parameters. This parameter is derived from other parameters that you specify:

    • No-load line current saturation data, i

    • Terminal voltage saturation data, v

    • Leakage inductance, Lls

  • Plot Saturated Inductance — Plots magnetizing inductance, Lm_sat, versus magnetic flux linkage, ψm, in a MATLAB figure window using the machine parameters. This parameter is derived from other parameters that you specify:

    • No-load line current saturation data, i

    • Terminal voltage saturation data, v

    • Leakage inductance, Lls

For the SI implementation, v is in V (phase-phase RMS) and i is in A (rms).

Model Thermal Effects

You can expose thermal ports to simulate the effects of generated heat and motor temperature. To expose the thermal ports and the Thermal parameters, set the Modeling option parameter to either:

  • No thermal port — The block contains electrical conserving ports associated with the stator windings, but does not contain thermal ports.

  • Show thermal port — The block contains expanded electrical conserving ports associated with the stator windings and thermal conserving ports for each of the windings and for the rotor.

For more information about using thermal ports in actuator blocks, see Simulating Thermal Effects in Rotational and Translational Actuators.

Variables

To set the priority and initial target values for the block variables prior to simulation, use the Initial Targets section in the block dialog box or Property Inspector. For more information, see Set Priority and Initial Target for Block Variables.

Nominal values provide a way to specify the expected magnitude of a variable in a model. Using system scaling based on nominal values increases the simulation robustness. Nominal values can come from different sources, one of which is the Nominal Values section in the block dialog box or Property Inspector. For more information, see System Scaling by Nominal Values.

The type of variables that are visible in the Initial Targets section depends on the initialization method that you select, in the Main section, for the Initialization option parameter. To specify target values using:

  • Flux variables — Set the Initialization option parameter to Set targets for flux variables.

  • Data from a load-flow analysis — Set the Initialization option parameter to Set targets for load flow variables.

If you select Set targets for load flow variables, to fully specify the initial condition, you must include an initialization constraint in the form of a high-priority target value. For example, if your induction machine is connected to an Inertia block, the initial condition for the induction machine is completely specified if, in the Initial Targets section of the Inertia block, the Priority for Rotational velocity is set to High. Alternatively, you could set the Priority to None for the Inertia block Rotational velocity, and instead set the Priority for the induction machine block Slip, Real power generated, or Mechanical power consumed to High.

Examples

Ports

Input

expand all

Physical signal vector port associated with the machine per-unit measurements. The vector elements are:

  • pu_torque

  • pu_velocity

  • pu_vds

  • pu_vqs

  • pu_v0s

  • pu_ids

  • pu_iqs

  • pu_i0s

Conserving

expand all

Mechanical rotational conserving port associated with the machine rotor.

Mechanical rotational conserving port associated with the machine case.

Expandable three-phase port associated with the stator positive-end connections.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Electrical connection to Composite three-phase ports.

Expandable three-phase port associated with the stator negative-end connections.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Electrical connection to Composite three-phase ports.

Electrical conserving port associated with a positive-end connection.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Electrical connection to Expanded three-phase ports.

Electrical conserving port associated with b positive-end connection.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Electrical connection to Expanded three-phase ports.

Electrical conserving port associated with c positive-end connection.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Electrical connection to Expanded three-phase ports.

Electrical conserving port associated with a negative-end connection.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Electrical connection to Expanded three-phase ports.

Electrical conserving port associated with b negative-end connection.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Electrical connection to Expanded three-phase ports.

Electrical conserving port associated with c negative-end connection.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Electrical connection to Expanded three-phase ports.

Thermal conserving port associated with stator winding a.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Thermal conserving port associated with stator winding b.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Thermal conserving port associated with stator winding c.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Thermal conserving port associated with the rotor.

Dependencies

To enable this port, set Modeling option to Show thermal port.

Parameters

expand all

All default parameter values are based on a machine delta-winding configuration.

Whether to enable the thermal ports of the block and model the effects of generated heat and motor temperature.

Main

Whether to have composite or expanded three-phase ports.

Rated apparent power of the induction machine at the electrical side.

RMS line-line voltage.

Nominal electrical frequency corresponding to the rated apparent power.

Number of machine pole pairs.

Unit system for block parameterization. Choose between SI, the international system of units, and Per unit, the per-unit system.

Dependencies

Selecting:

  • SI exposes SI parameters in the Impedances and Saturation settings.

  • Per unit exposes per-unit parameters in the Impedances and Saturation settings.

Option to specify a single or double squirrel cage for the machine.

Setting this parameter to Double squirrel cage exposes Impedances parameters for the second cage.

Zero-sequence model:

  • Include — Prioritize model fidelity. An error occurs if you Include zero-sequence terms for simulations that use the Partitioning solver. For more information, see Increase Simulation Speed Using the Partitioning Solver.

  • Exclude — Prioritize simulation speed for desktop simulation or real-time deployment.

Dependencies

If this parameter is set to:

  • Include and Parameterization unit is set to SI — The Stator zero-sequence reactance, X0 parameter in the Impedances settings is visible.

  • Include and Parameterization unit is set to Per unit — The Stator zero-sequence inductance, pu_L0 (pu) parameter in the Impedances settings is visible.

  • Exclude — The stator zero-sequence parameter in the Impedances settings is not visible.

Initialization method. You can initialize a machine for steady-state simulation using either flux data or data from a load-flow analysis.

If you select Set targets for load flow variables, to fully specify the initial condition, you must include an initialization constraint in the form of a high-priority target value. For example, if your induction machine is connected to an Inertia block, the initial condition for the induction machine is completely specified if, in the Initial Targets section of the Inertia block, the Priority for Rotational velocity is set to High. Alternatively, you could set the Priority to None for the Inertia block Rotational velocity, and instead set the Priority for the induction machine block Slip, Real power generated, or Mechanical power consumed to High.

Dependencies

The type of variables that are visible in the Initial Targets section depends on the initialization method that you select, in the Main section, for the Initialization option parameter. To specify target values using:

  • Flux variables — Set the Initialization option parameter to Set targets for flux variables.

  • Data from a load-flow analysis — Set the Initialization option parameter to Set targets for load flow variables.

Impedances

For the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main settings, select SI to expose SI parameters or Per unit to expose per-unit parameters.

Stator resistance.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI.

Stator leakage reactance.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI.

Rotor resistance referred to the stator.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Single squirrel cage.

Rotor leakage reactance referred to the stator.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Single squirrel cage.

Rotor resistance in cage 1.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Double squirrel cage.

Rotor leakage reactance in cage 1.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Double squirrel cage.

Rotor resistance in cage 2.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Double squirrel cage.

Rotor leakage reactance in cage 2.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Double squirrel cage.

Magnetizing reactance.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI.

Stator zero-sequence reactance.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to SI and the Zero sequence parameter in the Main setting to Include.

Per-unit stator resistance.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit.

Per-unit stator leakage inductance.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit.

Per-unit rotor resistance referred to the stator.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Single squirrel cage.

Per-unit rotor leakage inductance referred to the stator.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Single squirrel cage.

Per-unit rotor resistance in cage 1.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Double squirrel cage.

Per-unit rotor leakage inductance in cage 1.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Double squirrel cage.

Per-unit rotor resistance in cage 2.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Double squirrel cage.

Per-unit rotor leakage inductance in cage 2.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit and the Squirrel cage parameter in the Main setting to Double squirrel cage.

Per-unit magnetizing inductance, that is, the peak value of stator-rotor mutual inductance.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit.

Per-unit stator zero-sequence inductance.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if you set the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main setting to Per unit and the Zero sequence parameter in the Main setting to Include.

Saturation

For the Parameterization unit parameter in the Main settings, select SI to expose SI parameters or Per unit to expose per-unit parameters.

The saturation characteristic is based on the machine being connected in a delta-winding configuration.

Block magnetic saturation representation.

Dependencies

If this parameter is set to Open-circuit lookup table (v versus i), related parameters are visible.

Current i data populates the voltage v versus field current i lookup table. This parameter must contain a vector with at least 10 elements.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Magnetic saturation representation parameter is set to Open-circuit lookup table (v versus i) and, in the Main settings, the Parameterization unit parameter is set to SI.

Terminal voltage v data populates the voltage v versus current i lookup table. This parameter must contain a vector with at least 10 elements. The number of elements must match the number of elements in the vector for the No-load line current saturation data, i (rms) parameter.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Magnetic saturation representation parameter is set to Open-circuit lookup table (v versus i) and, in the Main settings, the Parameterization unit parameter is set to SI.

Current i data populates the voltage v versus field current i lookup table. This parameter must contain a vector with at least 10 elements.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Magnetic saturation representation parameter is set to Open-circuit lookup table (v versus i) and, in the Main settings, the Parameterization unit parameter is set to Per unit.

Terminal voltage v data populates the voltage v versus current i lookup table. This parameter must contain a vector with at least 10 elements. The number of elements must match the number of elements in the vector for the Per-unit no-load line current saturation data, i parameter.

Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Magnetic saturation representation parameter is set to Open-circuit lookup table (v versus i) and, in the Main settings, the Parameterization unit parameter is set to Per unit.

Thermal

These parameters appear only for blocks with exposed thermal ports.

Temperature for which motor parameters are quoted.

Coefficient α in the equation relating resistance to temperature for all three windings, as described in Thermal Model for Actuator Blocks. The default value, 3.93e-3 1/K, is for copper.

Coefficient relating cage resistance to temperature for the rotor. The default value, 4.4e-3 1/K, is for aluminium.

Thermal mass value for each stator winding. The thermal mass is the energy required to raise the temperature by one degree.

Thermal mass of the rotor. The thermal mass is the energy required to raise the temperature of the rotor by one degree.

References

[1] Kundur, P. Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGraw Hill, 1993.

[2] Lyshevski, S. E. Electromechanical Systems, Electric Machines and Applied Mechatronics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.

[3] Ojo, J. O., Consoli, A.,and Lipo, T. A., "An improved model of saturated induction machines", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. Vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 212-221, 1990.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2013b

expand all